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/R-3.2.3.tar.gz
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<html>
<!-- Created by GNU Texinfo 6.0, http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/ -->
<!-- Created by GNU Texinfo 6.1, http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/ -->
<head>
<title>R FAQ</title>
@ -33,9 +33,8 @@ pre.smalldisplay {font-family: inherit; font-size: smaller}
pre.smallexample {font-size: smaller}
pre.smallformat {font-family: inherit; font-size: smaller}
pre.smalllisp {font-size: smaller}
span.nocodebreak {white-space: nowrap}
span.nolinebreak {white-space: nowrap}
span.roman {font-family: serif; font-weight: normal}
span.roman {font-family: initial; font-weight: normal}
span.sansserif {font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: normal}
ul.no-bullet {list-style: none}
body {
@ -129,9 +128,10 @@ p {
<h2>Frequently Asked Questions on R</h2>
<h3 style="text-align: center;">Version 3.2.2015-12-04</h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;">Version 2016-06-06</h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;">Kurt Hornik</h3>
<hr>
<a name="SEC_Contents"></a>
<h2 class="contents-heading">Table of Contents</h2>
@ -249,6 +249,7 @@ p {
<li><a name="toc-Why-does-summary_0028_0029-report-strange-results-for-the-R_005e2-estimate-when-I-fit-a-linear-model-with-no-intercept_003f-1" href="#Why-does-summary_0028_0029-report-strange-results-for-the-R_005e2-estimate-when-I-fit-a-linear-model-with-no-intercept_003f">7.41 Why does summary() report strange results for the R^2 estimate when I fit a linear model with no intercept?</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Why-is-R-apparently-not-releasing-memory_003f-1" href="#Why-is-R-apparently-not-releasing-memory_003f">7.42 Why is R apparently not releasing memory?</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-How-can-I-enable-secure-https-downloads-in-R_003f-1" href="#How-can-I-enable-secure-https-downloads-in-R_003f">7.43 How can I enable secure https downloads in R?</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-How-can-I-get-CRAN-package-binaries-for-outdated-versions-of-R_003f-1" href="#How-can-I-get-CRAN-package-binaries-for-outdated-versions-of-R_003f">7.44 How can I get CRAN package binaries for outdated versions of R?</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-R-Programming-1" href="#R-Programming">8 R Programming</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
@ -333,7 +334,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Obtaining-this-document" accesskey="n" rel="next">Obtaining this
<a name="Legalese-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">1.1 Legalese</h3>
<p>This document is copyright &copy; 1998&ndash;2015 by Kurt
<p>This document is copyright &copy; 1998&ndash;2016 by Kurt
Hornik.
</p>
<p>This document is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
@ -391,14 +392,14 @@ Next: <a href="#Notation" accesskey="n" rel="next">Notation</a>, Previous: <a hr
<h3 class="section">1.3 Citing this document</h3>
<p>In publications, please refer to this <acronym>FAQ</acronym> as Hornik
(2015), &ldquo;The R <acronym>FAQ</acronym>&rdquo;, and give the above,
(2016), &ldquo;The R <acronym>FAQ</acronym>&rdquo;, and give the above,
<em>official</em> <acronym>URL</acronym>:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">@Misc{,
author = {Kurt Hornik},
title = {{R} {FAQ}},
year = {2015},
year = {2016},
url = {https://CRAN.R-project.org/doc/FAQ/R-FAQ.html}
}
</pre></div>
@ -568,12 +569,15 @@ Next: <a href="#How-can-R-be-obtained_003f" accesskey="n" rel="next">How can R b
<a name="What-is-the-current-version-of-R_003f-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">2.3 What is the current version of R?</h3>
<p>The current released version is 3.2.3. Based on this
&lsquo;major.minor.patchlevel&rsquo; numbering scheme, there are two development
versions of R, a patched version of the current release (&lsquo;r-patched&rsquo;)
and one working towards the next minor or eventually major (&lsquo;r-devel&rsquo;)
releases of R, respectively. Version r-patched is for bug fixes mostly.
New features are typically introduced in r-devel.
<p>R uses a &lsquo;major.minor.patchlevel&rsquo; numbering scheme. Based on this,
there are the current release version of R (&lsquo;r-release&rsquo;) as well as two
development versions of R, a patched version of the current release
(&lsquo;r-patched&rsquo;) and one working towards the next minor or eventually major
(&lsquo;r-devel&rsquo;) releases of R, respectively. New features are typically
introduced in r-devel, while r-patched is for bug fixes mostly.
</p>
<p>See <a href="https://CRAN.R-project.org/sources.html">https://CRAN.R-project.org/sources.html</a> for the current
versions of r-release, r-patched and r-devel.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="How-can-R-be-obtained_003f"></a>
@ -927,11 +931,13 @@ Next: <a href="#What-mailing-lists-exist-for-R_003f" accesskey="n" rel="next">Wh
author = {{R Core Team}},
organization = {R Foundation for Statistical Computing},
address = {Vienna, Austria},
year = 2015,
year = <var>YEAR</var>,
url = {https://www.R-project.org}
}
</pre></div>
<p>where <var>YEAR</var> is the release year of the version of R used and can
determined as <code>R.version$year</code>.
</p>
<p>Citation strings (or BibTeX entries) for R and R packages can also be
obtained by <code>citation()</code>.
</p>
@ -1050,6 +1056,9 @@ OS X, and MS Windows). <acronym>CRAN</acronym> also provides access to
documentation on R, existing mailing lists and the R Bug Tracking
system.
</p>
<p>Since March 2016, &ldquo;old&rdquo; material is made available from a central
<acronym>CRAN</acronym> archive server (<a href="https://CRAN-archive.R-project.org/">https://CRAN-archive.R-project.org/</a>).
</p>
<p>Please always use the <acronym>URL</acronym> of the master site when referring to
<acronym>CRAN</acronym>.
</p>
@ -1233,9 +1242,7 @@ the programming process.
<p>See <a href="http://statweb.stanford.edu/~jmc4/papers/96.7.ps">http://statweb.stanford.edu/~jmc4/papers/96.7.ps</a>
for further information on the &ldquo;Evolution of the S Language&rdquo;.
</p>
<p>There is a huge amount of user-contributed code for S, available at the
<a href="http://lib.stat.cmu.edu/S/">S Repository</a> at <acronym>CMU</acronym>.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="What-is-S_002dPLUS_003f"></a>
@ -1803,8 +1810,8 @@ and a web server provided that the installer has the necessary security
permissions. David&rsquo;s paper &ldquo;CGIwithR: Facilities for Processing Web
Forms Using R&rdquo; was published in the Journal of Statistical Software
(<a href="http://www.jstatsoft.org/v08/i10/">http://www.jstatsoft.org/v08/i10/</a>). The package is now
maintained by <a href="mailto:duncan@wald.ucdavis.edu">Duncan Temple Lang</a> and
has a web page at <a href="http://www.omegahat.org/CGIwithR/">http://www.omegahat.org/CGIwithR/</a>.
maintained by <a href="mailto:duncan@wald.ucdavis.edu">Duncan Temple Lang</a>.
and has a web page at <a href="http://www.omegahat.net/CGIwithR/">http://www.omegahat.net/CGIwithR/</a>.
</p>
<p>Jeff Horner is working on the R/Apache Integration Project which embeds
@ -2075,12 +2082,12 @@ Next: <a href="#Add_002don-packages-from-Bioconductor" accesskey="n" rel="next">
<a name="Add_002don-packages-from-Omegahat-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">5.1.3 Add-on packages from Omegahat</h4>
<p>The <a href="http://www.omegahat.org/">Omega Project for Statistical
<p>The <a href="http://www.omegahat.net/">Omega Project for Statistical
Computing</a> provides a variety of open-source software for statistical
applications, with special emphasis on web-based software, Java, the
Java virtual machine, and distributed computing. A <acronym>CRAN</acronym> style
R package repository is available via <a href="http://www.omegahat.org/R/">http://www.omegahat.org/R/</a>.
See <a href="http://www.omegahat.org/">http://www.omegahat.org/</a> for information on most R packages
R package repository is available via <a href="http://www.omegahat.net/R/">http://www.omegahat.net/R/</a>.
See <a href="http://www.omegahat.net/">http://www.omegahat.net/</a> for information on most R packages
available from the Omega project.
</p>
<hr>
@ -2565,6 +2572,8 @@ Next: <a href="#R-Programming" accesskey="n" rel="next">R Programming</a>, Previ
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#How-can-I-enable-secure-https-downloads-in-R_003f">How can I enable secure https downloads in R?</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#How-can-I-get-CRAN-package-binaries-for-outdated-versions-of-R_003f">How can I get CRAN package binaries for outdated versions of R?</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
@ -3464,12 +3473,12 @@ Next: <a href="#How-can-I-capture-or-ignore-errors-in-a-long-simulation_003f" ac
<a name="Why-doesn_0027t-R-think-these-numbers-are-equal_003f-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">7.31 Why doesn&rsquo;t R think these numbers are equal?</h3>
<p>The only numbers that can be represented exactly in R&rsquo;s numeric type
are integers and fractions whose denominator is a power of 2. Other
numbers have to be rounded to (typically) 53 binary digits accuracy. As a
result, two floating point numbers will not reliably be equal unless they
have been computed by the same algorithm, and not always even then. For
example
<p>The only numbers that can be represented exactly in R&rsquo;s numeric type are
integers and fractions whose denominator is a power of 2. All other
numbers are internally rounded to (typically) 53 binary digits accuracy.
As a result, two floating point numbers will not reliably be equal
unless they have been computed by the same algorithm, and not always
even then. For example
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">R&gt; a &lt;- sqrt(2)
@ -3477,6 +3486,8 @@ R&gt; a * a == 2
[1] FALSE
R&gt; a * a - 2
[1] 4.440892e-16
R&gt; print(a * a, digits = 18)
[1] 2.00000000000000044
</pre></div>
<p>The function <code>all.equal()</code> compares two objects using a numeric
@ -3484,17 +3495,32 @@ tolerance of <code>.Machine$double.eps ^ 0.5</code>. If you want much greater
accuracy than this you will need to consider error propagation
carefully.
</p>
<p>A discussion with many easily followed examples is in Appendix G
&ldquo;Computational Precision and Floating Point Arithmetic&rdquo;, pages
753&ndash;771 of <em>Statistical Analysis and Data Display: An Intermediate
Course with Examples in R</em>, Richard M. Heiberger and Burt Holland
(Springer 2015, second edition). This appendix is a free download from
<a href="http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/bbm%3A978-1-4939-2122-5%2F1.pdf">http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/bbm%3A978-1-4939-2122-5%2F1.pdf</a>.
</p>
<p>For more information, see e.g. David Goldberg (1991), &ldquo;What Every
Computer Scientist Should Know About Floating-Point Arithmetic&rdquo;,
<em>ACM Computing Surveys</em>, <strong>23/1</strong>, 5&ndash;48, also available via
<a href="http://www.validlab.com/goldberg/paper.pdf">http://www.validlab.com/goldberg/paper.pdf</a>.
</p>
<p>To quote from &ldquo;The Elements of Programming Style&rdquo; by Kernighan and
Plauger:
<p>Here is another example, this time using addition:
</p>
<blockquote>
<p><em>10.0 times 0.1 is hardly ever 1.0</em>.
</p></blockquote>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">R&gt; .3 + .6 == .9
[1] FALSE
R&gt; .3 + .6 - .9
[1] -1.110223e-16
R&gt; print(matrix(c(.3, .6, .9, .3 + .6)), digits = 18)
[,1]
[1,] 0.299999999999999989
[2,] 0.599999999999999978
[3,] 0.900000000000000022
[4,] 0.899999999999999911
</pre></div>
<hr>
@ -3888,7 +3914,7 @@ actually used memory as well as unused memory that cannot be released.
<a name="How-can-I-enable-secure-https-downloads-in-R_003f"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Why-is-R-apparently-not-releasing-memory_003f" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Why is R apparently not releasing memory?</a>, Up: <a href="#R-Miscellanea" accesskey="u" rel="up">R Miscellanea</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</p>
Next: <a href="#How-can-I-get-CRAN-package-binaries-for-outdated-versions-of-R_003f" accesskey="n" rel="next">How can I get CRAN package binaries for outdated versions of R?</a>, Previous: <a href="#Why-is-R-apparently-not-releasing-memory_003f" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Why is R apparently not releasing memory?</a>, Up: <a href="#R-Miscellanea" accesskey="u" rel="up">R Miscellanea</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="How-can-I-enable-secure-https-downloads-in-R_003f-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">7.43 How can I enable secure https downloads in R?</h3>
@ -3909,8 +3935,10 @@ this is done automatically for such URLs as from R 3.2.2.
The requisite code to add to <samp>.Rprofile</samp> or <samp>Rprofile.site</samp> is:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">options(download.file.method = &quot;wininet&quot;, url.method = &quot;wininet&quot;) <span class="roman">(Windows)</span>
options(download.file.method = &quot;libcurl&quot;, url.method = &quot;libcurl&quot;) <span class="roman">(Linux and OS X)</span>
<pre class="example">options(download.file.method = &quot;wininet&quot;, url.method = &quot;wininet&quot;)
<span class="roman">(Windows)</span>
options(download.file.method = &quot;libcurl&quot;, url.method = &quot;libcurl&quot;)
<span class="roman">(Linux and OS X)</span>
</pre></div>
<p>(Method <code>&quot;wininet&quot;</code> is the default on Windows as from R 3.2.2.)
@ -3924,7 +3952,28 @@ OS X. It is possible that system versions of <code>&quot;libcurl&quot;</code>,
<code>&quot;libcurl&quot;</code> with <acronym>HTTPS</acronym> support is required except on
Windows.
</p>
<hr>
<a name="How-can-I-get-CRAN-package-binaries-for-outdated-versions-of-R_003f"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#How-can-I-enable-secure-https-downloads-in-R_003f" accesskey="p" rel="prev">How can I enable secure https downloads in R?</a>, Up: <a href="#R-Miscellanea" accesskey="u" rel="up">R Miscellanea</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="How-can-I-get-CRAN-package-binaries-for-outdated-versions-of-R_003f-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">7.44 How can I get CRAN package binaries for outdated versions of R?</h3>
<p>Since March 2016, Windows and OS X binaries of <acronym>CRAN</acronym> packages for old
versions of R (released more than 5 years ago) are made available from a
central <acronym>CRAN</acronym> archive server instead of the <acronym>CRAN</acronym> mirrors. To get
these, one should set the <acronym>CRAN</acronym> &ldquo;mirror&rdquo; element of the <code>repos</code>
option accordingly, by something like
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example">local({r &lt;- getOption(&quot;repos&quot;)
r[&quot;CRAN&quot;] &lt;- &quot;http://CRAN-archive.R-project.org&quot;
options(repos = r)
})
</pre></div>
<p>(see <code>?options</code> for more information).
</p>
<hr>
<a name="R-Programming"></a>
<div class="header">

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@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<html>
<!-- This manual is for R, version 3.2.3 (2015-12-10).
<!-- This manual is for R, version 3.3.1 (2016-06-21).
Copyright (C) 2000-2015 R Core Team
Copyright (C) 2000-2016 R Core Team
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions,
except that this permission notice may be stated in a translation
approved by the R Core Team. -->
<!-- Created by GNU Texinfo 6.0, http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/ -->
<!-- Created by GNU Texinfo 6.1, http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/ -->
<head>
<title>R Data Import/Export</title>
@ -51,9 +51,8 @@ pre.smalldisplay {font-family: inherit; font-size: smaller}
pre.smallexample {font-size: smaller}
pre.smallformat {font-family: inherit; font-size: smaller}
pre.smalllisp {font-size: smaller}
span.nocodebreak {white-space: nowrap}
span.nolinebreak {white-space: nowrap}
span.roman {font-family: serif; font-weight: normal}
span.roman {font-family: initial; font-weight: normal}
span.sansserif {font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: normal}
ul.no-bullet {list-style: none}
body {
@ -241,9 +240,9 @@ Next: <a href="#Acknowledgements" accesskey="n" rel="next">Acknowledgements</a>
<p>This is a guide to importing and exporting data to and from R.
</p>
<p>This manual is for R, version 3.2.3 (2015-12-10).
<p>This manual is for R, version 3.3.1 (2016-06-21).
</p>
<p>Copyright &copy; 2000&ndash;2015 R Core Team
<p>Copyright &copy; 2000&ndash;2016 R Core Team
</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
@ -372,13 +371,13 @@ here.
<p>There are packages to allow functionality developed in languages such as
<code>Java</code>, <code>perl</code> and <code>python</code> to be directly integrated
with R code, making the use of facilities in these languages even
more appropriate. (See the <a href="https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=rJava"><strong>rJava</strong></a> package from <acronym>CRAN</acronym> and
the <strong>SJava</strong>, <strong>RSPerl</strong> and <strong>RSPython</strong> packages from the
Omegahat project, <a href="http://www.omegahat.org">http://www.omegahat.org</a>.)
more appropriate. (See the <a href="https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=rJava"><strong>rJava</strong></a> package from <acronym>CRAN</acronym>
and the <strong>SJava</strong>, <strong>RSPerl</strong> and <strong>RSPython</strong> packages from the
Omegahat project, <a href="http://www.omegahat.net">http://www.omegahat.net</a>.)
</p>
<a name="index-Unix-tools"></a>
<a name="index-AWK"></a>
<a name="index-awk"></a>
<a name="index-perl"></a>
<p>It is also worth remembering that R like S comes from the Unix
tradition of small re-usable tools, and it can be rewarding to use tools
@ -428,8 +427,7 @@ on their computers for that purpose). However, this is not always
possible, and <a href="#Importing-from-other-statistical-systems">Importing from other statistical systems</a> discusses
what facilities are available to access such files directly from R.
For Excel spreadsheets, the available methods are summarized in
<a href="#Reading-Excel-spreadsheets">Reading Excel spreadsheets</a>. For ODS spreadsheets from Open
Office, see the Omegahat package<a name="DOCF1" href="#FOOT1"><sup>1</sup></a> <strong>ROpenOffice</strong>.
<a href="#Reading-Excel-spreadsheets">Reading Excel spreadsheets</a>.
</p>
<p>In a few cases, data have been stored in a binary form for compactness
and speed of access. One application of this that we have seen several
@ -471,7 +469,7 @@ intro.dat: UTF-8 Unicode (with BOM) text
<p>Modern Unix-alike systems, including OS X, are likely to produce
UTF-8 files. Windows may produce what it calls &lsquo;Unicode&rsquo; files
(<code>UCS-2LE</code> or just possibly <code>UTF-16LE</code><a name="DOCF2" href="#FOOT2"><sup>2</sup></a>). Otherwise most files will be in a
(<code>UCS-2LE</code> or just possibly <code>UTF-16LE</code><a name="DOCF1" href="#FOOT1"><sup>1</sup></a>). Otherwise most files will be in a
8-bit encoding unless from a Chinese/Japanese/Korean locale (which have
a wide range of encodings in common use). It is not possible to
automatically detect with certainty which 8-bit encoding (although
@ -622,7 +620,7 @@ and <code>write.table</code> has a <code>fileEncoding</code> argument to make th
easier.
</p>
<p>The hard part is to know what file encoding to use. For use on Windows,
it is best to use what Windows calls &lsquo;Unicode&rsquo;<a name="DOCF3" href="#FOOT3"><sup>3</sup></a>, that is <code>&quot;UTF-16LE&quot;</code>. Using UTF-8 is a good way
it is best to use what Windows calls &lsquo;Unicode&rsquo;<a name="DOCF2" href="#FOOT2"><sup>2</sup></a>, that is <code>&quot;UTF-16LE&quot;</code>. Using UTF-8 is a good way
to make portable files that will not easily be confused with any other
encoding, but even OS X applications (where UTF-8 is the system
encoding) may not recognize them, and Windows applications are most
@ -685,12 +683,9 @@ graphical displays, mathematics and so on.
<p>although it does not require it.
</p>
<p>The <a href="https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=XML"><strong>XML</strong></a> package provides general facilities for reading and
writing <acronym>XML</acronym> documents within R. A description of the
facilities of the <a href="https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=XML"><strong>XML</strong></a> package is outside the scope of this
document: see the package&rsquo;s Web page at
<a href="http://www.omegahat.org/RSXML">http://www.omegahat.org/RSXML</a> for details and examples. Package
<a href="https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=StatDataML"><strong>StatDataML</strong></a> on <acronym>CRAN</acronym> is one example building on
<a href="https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=XML"><strong>XML</strong></a>.
writing <acronym>XML</acronym> documents within R.
Package <a href="https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=StatDataML"><strong>StatDataML</strong></a> on <acronym>CRAN</acronym> is one example building
on <a href="https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=XML"><strong>XML</strong></a>.
</p>
<p>NB: <a href="https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=XML"><strong>XML</strong></a> is available as a binary package for Windows, normally
from the &lsquo;CRAN extras&rsquo; repository (which is selected by default on
@ -856,7 +851,7 @@ indicate missing cases in a regular layout.
columns as character vectors and then tries to select a suitable class
for each variable in the data frame. It tries in turn <code>logical</code>,
<code>integer</code>, <code>numeric</code> and <code>complex</code>, moving on if any
entry is not missing and cannot be converted.<a name="DOCF4" href="#FOOT4"><sup>4</sup></a>
entry is not missing and cannot be converted.<a name="DOCF3" href="#FOOT3"><sup>3</sup></a>
If all of these fail, the variable is converted to a factor.
</p>
<p>Arguments <code>colClasses</code> and <code>as.is</code> provide greater control.
@ -1490,7 +1485,7 @@ Next: <a href="#R-interface-packages" accesskey="n" rel="next">R interface packa
<a href="http://www.ibm.com/db2">IBM&rsquo;s DB2</a>;
<a href="https://www.microsoft.com/SQL/default.mspx">Microsoft <acronym>SQL</acronym>
Server</a> on Windows) and academic and small-system databases (such as
MySQL<a name="DOCF5" href="#FOOT5"><sup>5</sup></a>, PostgreSQL, Microsoft
MySQL<a name="DOCF4" href="#FOOT4"><sup>4</sup></a>, PostgreSQL, Microsoft
Access, &hellip;), the former marked out by much greater emphasis on data
security features. The line is blurring, with MySQL and PostgreSQL
having more and more high-end features, and free &lsquo;express&rsquo; versions
@ -3014,7 +3009,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Function-and-variable-index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Functi
<tr><td></td><th align="left">Index Entry</th><td>&nbsp;</td><th align="left"> Section</th></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Concept-index_cp_letter-A">A</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-AWK">AWK</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-awk">awk</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Concept-index_cp_letter-B">B</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Binary-files">Binary files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Binary-files">Binary files</a></td></tr>
@ -3163,23 +3158,19 @@ Previous: <a href="#Function-and-variable-index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Functi
<h4 class="footnotes-heading">Footnotes</h4>
<h3><a name="FOOT1" href="#DOCF1">(1)</a></h3>
<p>Currently not available from
that repository but as a source package for download from
<a href="http://www.omegahat.org/ROpenOffice/">http://www.omegahat.org/ROpenOffice/</a>.</p>
<h3><a name="FOOT2" href="#DOCF2">(2)</a></h3>
<p>the
distinction is subtle,
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-16/UCS-2">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-16/UCS-2</a>, and the use of
surrogate pairs is very rare.</p>
<h3><a name="FOOT3" href="#DOCF3">(3)</a></h3>
<h3><a name="FOOT2" href="#DOCF2">(2)</a></h3>
<p>Even then,
Windows applications may expect a Byte Order Mark which the
implementation of <code>iconv</code> used by R may or may not add depending
on the platform.</p>
<h3><a name="FOOT4" href="#DOCF4">(4)</a></h3>
<h3><a name="FOOT3" href="#DOCF3">(3)</a></h3>
<p>This is normally
fast as looking at the first entry rules out most of the possibilities.</p>
<h3><a name="FOOT5" href="#DOCF5">(5)</a></h3>
<h3><a name="FOOT4" href="#DOCF4">(4)</a></h3>
<p>and forks, notably MariaDB.</p>
</div>
<hr>

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@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<html>
<!-- This manual is for R, version 3.2.3 (2015-12-10).
<!-- This manual is for R, version 3.3.1 (2016-06-21).
Copyright (C) 1990 W. N. Venables
@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ Copyright (C) 1997 R. Gentleman & R. Ihaka
Copyright (C) 1997, 1998 M. Maechler
Copyright (C) 1999-2015 R Core Team
Copyright (C) 1999-2016 R Core Team
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions,
except that this permission notice may be stated in a translation
approved by the R Core Team. -->
<!-- Created by GNU Texinfo 6.0, http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/ -->
<!-- Created by GNU Texinfo 6.1, http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/ -->
<head>
<title>An Introduction to R</title>
@ -59,9 +59,8 @@ pre.smalldisplay {font-family: inherit; font-size: smaller}
pre.smallexample {font-size: smaller}
pre.smallformat {font-family: inherit; font-size: smaller}
pre.smalllisp {font-size: smaller}
span.nocodebreak {white-space: nowrap}
span.nolinebreak {white-space: nowrap}
span.roman {font-family: serif; font-weight: normal}
span.roman {font-family: initial; font-weight: normal}
span.sansserif {font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: normal}
ul.no-bullet {list-style: none}
body {
@ -404,13 +403,13 @@ analysis, classification, clustering, ...).
<p>This manual provides information on data types, programming elements,
statistical modelling and graphics.
</p>
<p>This manual is for R, version 3.2.3 (2015-12-10).
<p>This manual is for R, version 3.3.1 (2016-06-21).
</p>
<p>Copyright &copy; 1990 W. N. Venables<br>
Copyright &copy; 1992 W. N. Venables &amp; D. M. Smith<br>
Copyright &copy; 1997 R. Gentleman &amp; R. Ihaka<br>
Copyright &copy; 1997, 1998 M. Maechler<br>
Copyright &copy; 1999&ndash;2015 R Core Team
Copyright &copy; 1999&ndash;2016 R Core Team
</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
@ -7425,8 +7424,8 @@ are designed to complement textbooks. Some (the <em>recommended</em>
packages) are distributed with every binary distribution of R. Most
are available for download from <acronym>CRAN</acronym>
(<a href="https://CRAN.R-project.org/">https://CRAN.R-project.org/</a> and its mirrors) and other
repositories such as Bioconductor (<a href="https://www.bioconductor.org/">https://www.bioconductor.org/</a>)
and Omegahat (<a href="http://www.omegahat.org/">http://www.omegahat.org/</a>). The <em>R FAQ</em>
repositories such as Bioconductor (<a href="https://www.bioconductor.org/">https://www.bioconductor.org/</a>).
and Omegahat (<a href="http://www.omegahat.net/">http://www.omegahat.net/</a>). The <em>R FAQ</em>
contains a list of CRAN packages current at the time of release, but the
collection of available packages changes very frequently.
</p>
@ -8604,15 +8603,15 @@ used by the inbuilt command line editor: this used to happen on OS X.
file <samp>README.Rterm</samp> for command-line editing under
<code>Rterm.exe</code>.
</p>
<p>When using R with <strong>readline</strong> capabilities, the functions
described below are available, as well as others (probably) documented
in <code>man readline</code> or <code>info readline</code> on your system.
<p>When using R with GNU<a name="DOCF28" href="#FOOT28"><sup>28</sup></a> <strong>readline</strong> capabilities, the functions described
below are available, as well as others (probably) documented in
<code>man readline</code> or <code>info readline</code> on your system.
</p>
<p>Many of these use either Control or Meta characters. Control
characters, such as <kbd>Control-m</kbd>, are obtained by holding the
<tt class="key">CTRL</tt> down while you press the <tt class="key">m</tt> key, and are written as
<kbd>C-m</kbd> below. Meta characters, such as <kbd>Meta-b</kbd>, are typed by
holding down <tt class="key">META</tt><a name="DOCF28" href="#FOOT28"><sup>28</sup></a> and pressing <tt class="key">b</tt>, and written as <kbd>M-b</kbd>
holding down <tt class="key">META</tt><a name="DOCF29" href="#FOOT29"><sup>29</sup></a> and pressing <tt class="key">b</tt>, and written as <kbd>M-b</kbd>
in the following. If your terminal does not have a <tt class="key">META</tt> key
enabled, you can still type Meta characters using two-character
sequences starting with <kbd>ESC</kbd>. Thus, to enter <kbd>M-b</kbd>, you could
@ -8620,6 +8619,9 @@ type <tt class="key">ESC</tt><tt class="key">b</tt>. The <kbd>ESC</kbd> charact
allowed on terminals with real Meta keys. Note that case is significant
for Meta characters.
</p>
<p>Some but not all versions<a name="DOCF30" href="#FOOT30"><sup>30</sup></a> of <strong>readline</strong>
will recognize resizing of the terminal window so this is best avoided.
</p>
<a name="Editing-actions"></a>
<h3 class="appendixsection">C.2 Editing actions</h3>
@ -8654,7 +8656,8 @@ re-submitted.
<dd><p>Go to the next command (forwards in the history).
</p></dd>
<dt><kbd>C-r <var>text</var></kbd></dt>
<dd><p>Find the last command with the <var>text</var> string in it.
<dd><p>Find the last command with the <var>text</var> string in it. This can be
cancelled by <code>C-g</code> (and on some versions of R by <code>C-c</code>).
</p></dd>
</dl>
@ -9589,9 +9592,17 @@ on most 64-bit versions of Windows.</p>
&lsquo;Emacs Speaks Statistics&rsquo; package; see the <acronym>URL</acronym>
<a href="http://ESS.R-project.org">http://ESS.R-project.org</a></p>
<h3><a name="FOOT28" href="#DOCF28">(28)</a></h3>
<p>It is possible to build R using an
emulation of GNU <strong>readline</strong>, such as one based on NetBSD&rsquo;s
<strong>editline</strong>, it which case only a subset of the capabilities may
be provided.</p>
<h3><a name="FOOT29" href="#DOCF29">(29)</a></h3>
<p>On a PC keyboard this is usually the
Alt key, occasionally the &lsquo;Windows&rsquo; key. On a Mac keyboard normally no
meta key is available.</p>
<h3><a name="FOOT30" href="#DOCF30">(30)</a></h3>
<p>In particular, not versions 6.3 or
later: this is worked around as from R 3.4.0.</p>
</div>
<hr>

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@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<html>
<!-- This manual is for R, version 3.2.3 (2015-12-10).
<!-- This manual is for R, version 3.3.1 (2016-06-21).
Copyright (C) 1999-2015 R Core Team
Copyright (C) 1999-2016 R Core Team
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions,
except that this permission notice may be stated in a translation
approved by the R Core Team. -->
<!-- Created by GNU Texinfo 6.0, http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/ -->
<!-- Created by GNU Texinfo 6.1, http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/ -->
<head>
<title>R Internals</title>
@ -51,9 +51,8 @@ pre.smalldisplay {font-family: inherit; font-size: smaller}
pre.smallexample {font-size: smaller}
pre.smallformat {font-family: inherit; font-size: smaller}
pre.smalllisp {font-size: smaller}
span.nocodebreak {white-space: nowrap}
span.nolinebreak {white-space: nowrap}
span.roman {font-family: serif; font-weight: normal}
span.roman {font-family: initial; font-weight: normal}
span.sansserif {font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: normal}
ul.no-bullet {list-style: none}
body {
@ -288,9 +287,9 @@ Next: <a href="#R-Internal-Structures" accesskey="n" rel="next">R Internal Struc
<p>This is a guide to the internal structures of R and coding standards for
the core team working on R itself.
</p>
<p>This manual is for R, version 3.2.3 (2015-12-10).
<p>This manual is for R, version 3.3.1 (2016-06-21).
</p>
<p>Copyright &copy; 1999&ndash;2015 R Core Team
<p>Copyright &copy; 1999&ndash;2016 R Core Team
</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
@ -877,7 +876,7 @@ enclosure.
<p>There are additional places that &lsquo;variables&rsquo; can be looked up, called
&lsquo;user databases&rsquo; in comments in the code. These seem undocumented in
the R sources, but apparently refer to the <strong>RObjectTable</strong> package
at <a href="http://www.omegahat.org/RObjectTables/">http://www.omegahat.org/RObjectTables/</a>.
at <a href="http://www.omegahat.net/RObjectTables/">http://www.omegahat.net/RObjectTables/</a>.
</p>
<a name="index-base-environment"></a>
<a name="index-environment_002c-base"></a>
@ -961,7 +960,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Hash-table" accesskey="n" rel="next">Hash table</a>, Previous: <
<a name="index-namespace"></a>
<p>Namespaces are environments associated with packages (and once again
the base package is special and will be considered separately). A
package <code><var>pkg</var></code> with a namespace defines two environments
package <code><var>pkg</var></code> defines two environments
<code>namespace:<var>pkg</var></code> and <code>package:<var>pkg</var></code>: it is
<code>package:<var>pkg</var></code> that can be <code>attach</code>ed and form part of
the search path.
@ -1867,21 +1866,21 @@ Next: <a href="#Mechanics-of-S4-dispatch" accesskey="n" rel="next">Mechanics of
<a name="S4-methods-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">1.12.3 S4 methods</h4>
<p>Details of methods are stored in S4 objects of class
<code>&quot;MethodsList&quot;</code>. They have a non-syntactic name of the form
<code>.__M__<var>generic</var>:<var>package</var></code> for all methods defined in the
current environment for the named generic derived from a specific
package (which might be <code>.GlobalEnv</code>).
</p>
<p>There is also environment <code>.__T__<var>generic</var>:<var>package</var></code> which
has names the signatures of the methods defined, and values the
corresponding method functions. This is often referred to as a &lsquo;methods
table&rsquo;.
</p>
<p>When a package without a namespace is attached these objects become
visible on the search path. <code>library</code> calls
<code>methods:::cacheMetaData</code> to update the internal tables.
<p>Details of the methods are stored in environments (typically hidden in the
respective namespace) with a non-syntactic name of the form
<code>.__T__<var>generic</var>:<var>package</var></code> containing objects of class
<code>MethodDefinition</code> for all methods defined in the current environment
for the named generic derived from a specific package (which might be <code>.GlobalEnv</code>).
This is sometimes referred to as a &lsquo;methods table&rsquo;.
</p>
<p>For example,
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example"> length(nM &lt;- asNamespace(&quot;Matrix&quot;) ) # 941 for Matrix 1.2-6
length(meth &lt;- grep(&quot;^[.]__T__&quot;, names(nM), value=TRUE))# 107 generics with methods
length(meth.Ops &lt;- nM$`.__T__Ops:base‘) # 71 methods for the ’Ops' (group)generic
head(sort(names(meth.Ops))) ## &quot;abIndex#abIndex&quot; ... &quot;ANY#ddiMatrix&quot; &quot;ANY#ldiMatrix&quot; &quot;ANY#Matrix&quot;
</pre></div>
<p>During an R session there is an environment associated with each
non-primitive generic containing objects <code>.AllMTable</code>,
<code>.Generic</code>, <code>.Methods</code>, <code>.MTable</code>, <code>.SigArgs</code> and
@ -1895,8 +1894,8 @@ directive <code>exportMethods</code> will export all the methods defined in
the namespace for a specified generic: the code also adds to the list
of generics any that are exported directly. For generics which are
listed via <code>exportMethods</code> or exported themselves, the
corresponding <code>&quot;MethodsList&quot;</code> and environment are exported and so
will appear (as hidden objects) in the package environment.
corresponding environment is exported and so
will appear (as hidden object) in the package environment.
</p>
<p>Methods for primitives which are internally S4 generic (see below) are
always exported, whether mentioned in the <samp>NAMESPACE</samp> file or not.
@ -1910,7 +1909,7 @@ methods defined on generics in other packages. Since methods for a
generic could be imported from several different packages, the methods
tables are merged.
</p>
<p>When a package with a namespace is attached
<p>When a package is attached
<code>methods:::cacheMetaData</code> is called to update the internal tables:
only the visible methods will be cached.
</p>
@ -1939,7 +1938,7 @@ space there will be two functions called <code>myfn</code> on the search
paths, and which will be called depends on which search path is in use.
This is starkest for functions in the base namespace, where the
original will be found ahead of the newly created function from any
other package with a namespace.
other package.
</p>
<p>Primitive functions are treated quite differently, for efficiency
reasons: this results in different semantics. <code>setGeneric</code> is
@ -2527,6 +2526,7 @@ following groups of functions:
<pre class="example">abs sign sqrt
floor ceiling
</pre><pre class="example">
</pre><pre class="example">exp expm1
log2 log10 log1p
cos sin tan
@ -2535,10 +2535,13 @@ cosh sinh tanh
acosh asinh atanh
cospi sinpi tanpi
</pre><pre class="example">
</pre><pre class="example">gamma lgamma digamma trigamma
</pre><pre class="example">
</pre><pre class="example">cumsum cumprod cummax cummin
</pre><pre class="example">
</pre><pre class="example">Im Re Arg Conj Mod
</pre></div>
@ -4510,8 +4513,8 @@ Default: -1.
<a name="index-_005fR_005fCHECK_005fXREFS_005fREPOSITORIES_005f"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>If set to a non-empty value, a space-separated list of repositories to
use to determine known packages. Default: empty, when the CRAN,
Omegahat and Bioconductor repositories known to R is used.
use to determine known packages. Default: empty, when the CRAN
and Bioconductor repositories known to R is used.
</p></dd>
<dt><code>_R_CHECK_SRC_MINUS_W_IMPLICIT_</code>
<a name="index-_005fR_005fCHECK_005fSRC_005fMINUS_005fW_005fIMPLICIT_005f"></a>
@ -4617,13 +4620,15 @@ Default: false (but true for CRAN submission checks).
<a name="index-_005fR_005fCHECK_005fALWAYS_005fLOG_005fVIGNETTE_005fOUTPUT_005f"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>By default the output from running the R code in the vignettes is
kept only if there is an error.
kept only if there is an error. As from R 3.2.4 this also applies to
the <samp>build_vignettes.log</samp> log from the re-building of vignettes.
Default: false.
</p></dd>
<dt><code>_R_CHECK_CLEAN_VIGN_TEST_</code>
<a name="index-_005fR_005fCHECK_005fCLEAN_005fVIGN_005fTEST_005f"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Should the <samp>vign_test</samp> directory be removed if the test is successful?
<dd><p>Should the <samp>vign_test</samp> directory be removed if the test is
successful?
Default: true.
</p></dd>
<dt><code>_R_CHECK_REPLACING_IMPORTS_</code>
@ -4633,7 +4638,7 @@ Default: true.
from auto-generated <samp>NAMESPACE</samp> files in other packages, but most
often from importing the whole of a namespace rather than using
<code>importFrom</code>.
Default: false (but true for CRAN submission checks).
Default: true.
</p></dd>
<dt><code>_R_CHECK_UNSAFE_CALLS_</code>
<a name="index-_005fR_005fCHECK_005fUNSAFE_005fCALLS_005f"></a>
@ -4835,6 +4840,14 @@ suggests and enhances.
Default: true (and true for CRAN submission checks).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>_R_CHECK_CODE_USAGE_WITH_ONLY_BASE_ATTACHED_</code>
<a name="index-_005fR_005fCHECK_005fCODE_005fUSAGE_005fWITH_005fONLY_005fBASE_005fATTACHED_005f"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>If set, check code usage (via <a href="https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=codetools"><strong>codetools</strong></a>) with only the base
package attached.
Default: true.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>_R_CHECK_EXIT_ON_FIRST_ERROR_</code>
<a name="index-_005fR_005fCHECK_005fEXIT_005fON_005fFIRST_005fERROR_005f"></a>
</dt>
@ -5346,6 +5359,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Concept-index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Concept index</a>, Previ
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005fR_005fCHECK_005fCODE_005fATTACH_005f"><code>_R_CHECK_CODE_ATTACH_</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Tools">Tools</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005fR_005fCHECK_005fCODE_005fDATA_005fINTO_005fGLOBALENV_005f"><code>_R_CHECK_CODE_DATA_INTO_GLOBALENV_</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Tools">Tools</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005fR_005fCHECK_005fCODE_005fUSAGE_005fVIA_005fNAMESPACES_005f"><code>_R_CHECK_CODE_USAGE_VIA_NAMESPACES_</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Tools">Tools</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005fR_005fCHECK_005fCODE_005fUSAGE_005fWITH_005fONLY_005fBASE_005fATTACHED_005f"><code>_R_CHECK_CODE_USAGE_WITH_ONLY_BASE_ATTACHED_</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Tools">Tools</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005fR_005fCHECK_005fCODOC_005fS4_005fMETHODS_005f"><code>_R_CHECK_CODOC_S4_METHODS_</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Tools">Tools</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005fR_005fCHECK_005fCOMPACT_005fDATA_005f"><code>_R_CHECK_COMPACT_DATA_</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Tools">Tools</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005fR_005fCHECK_005fCRAN_005fINCOMING_005f"><code>_R_CHECK_CRAN_INCOMING_</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Tools">Tools</a></td></tr>

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@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<html>
<!-- This manual is for R, version 3.2.3 (2015-12-10).
<!-- This manual is for R, version 3.3.1 (2016-06-21).
Copyright (C) 2000-2015 R Core Team
Copyright (C) 2000-2016 R Core Team
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions,
except that this permission notice may be stated in a translation
approved by the R Core Team. -->
<!-- Created by GNU Texinfo 6.0, http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/ -->
<!-- Created by GNU Texinfo 6.1, http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/ -->
<head>
<title>R Language Definition</title>
@ -51,9 +51,8 @@ pre.smalldisplay {font-family: inherit; font-size: smaller}
pre.smallexample {font-size: smaller}
pre.smallformat {font-family: inherit; font-size: smaller}
pre.smalllisp {font-size: smaller}
span.nocodebreak {white-space: nowrap}
span.nolinebreak {white-space: nowrap}
span.roman {font-family: serif; font-weight: normal}
span.roman {font-family: initial; font-weight: normal}
span.sansserif {font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: normal}
ul.no-bullet {list-style: none}
body {
@ -342,9 +341,9 @@ Next: <a href="#Introduction" accesskey="n" rel="next">Introduction</a> &nbsp; [
parsing, object oriented programming, computing on the language, and so
forth.
</p>
<p>This manual is for R, version 3.2.3 (2015-12-10).
<p>This manual is for R, version 3.3.1 (2016-06-21).
</p>
<p>Copyright &copy; 2000&ndash;2015 R Core Team
<p>Copyright &copy; 2000&ndash;2016 R Core Team
</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
@ -1780,10 +1779,8 @@ Next: <a href="#repeat" accesskey="n" rel="next">repeat</a>, Previous: <a href="
<p>R has three statements that provide explicit
looping.<a name="DOCF3" href="#FOOT3"><sup>3</sup></a> They are <code>for</code>, <code>while</code> and
<code>repeat</code>. The two built-in constructs, <code>next</code> and
<code>break</code>, provide additional control over the evaluation. Each of
the three statements returns the value of the last statement that was
evaluated. It is possible, although uncommon, to assign the result of
one of these statements to a symbol. R provides other functions for
<code>break</code>, provide additional control over the evaluation.
R provides other functions for
implicit looping such as <code>tapply</code>, <code>apply</code>, and <code>lapply</code>.
In addition many operations, especially arithmetic ones, are vectorized
so you may not need to use a loop.

12
R.spec
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@ -81,8 +81,8 @@
%global macrosdir %(d=%{_rpmconfigdir}/macros.d; [ -d $d ] || d=%{_sysconfdir}/rpm; echo $d)
Name: R
Version: 3.3.0
Release: 10%{?dist}
Version: 3.3.1
Release: 1%{?dist}
Summary: A language for data analysis and graphics
URL: http://www.r-project.org
Source0: ftp://cran.r-project.org/pub/R/src/base/R-3/R-%{version}.tar.gz
@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ Provides: R-Matrix = 1.2.6
Obsoletes: R-Matrix < 0.999375-7
Provides: R-methods = %{version}
Provides: R-mgcv = 1.8.12
Provides: R-nlme = 3.1.127
Provides: R-nlme = 3.1.128
Provides: R-nnet = 7.3.12
Provides: R-parallel = %{version}
Provides: R-rpart = 4.1.10
@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ Provides: R-spatial = 7.3.11
Provides: R-splines = %{version}
Provides: R-stats = %{version}
Provides: R-stats4 = %{version}
Provides: R-survival = 2.39.2
Provides: R-survival = 2.39.4
Provides: R-tcltk = %{version}
Provides: R-tools = %{version}
Provides: R-utils = %{version}
@ -1006,6 +1006,7 @@ R CMD javareconf \
%{_libdir}/R/library/nlme/html/
%{_libdir}/R/library/nlme/INDEX
%{_libdir}/R/library/nlme/libs/
%{_libdir}/R/library/nlme/LICENCE
%{_libdir}/R/library/nlme/Meta/
%{_libdir}/R/library/nlme/mlbook/
%{_libdir}/R/library/nlme/NAMESPACE
@ -1136,6 +1137,9 @@ R CMD javareconf \
%{_libdir}/libRmath.a
%changelog
* Tue Jul 5 2016 Tom Callaway <spot@fedoraproject.org> - 3.3.1-1
- update to 3.3.1
* Sat Jun 11 2016 Tom Callaway <spot@fedoraproject.org> - 3.3.0-10
- fix CAPABILITIES pathing

2
sources
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@ -1 +1 @@
5a7506c8813432d1621c9725e86baf7a R-3.3.0.tar.gz
f50a659738b73036e2f5635adbd229c5 R-3.3.1.tar.gz