Pull cgroup updates from Tejun Heo:
"Nothing too interesting. Just a handful of cleanup patches"
* 'for-3.18' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tj/cgroup:
Revert "cgroup: remove redundant variable in cgroup_mount()"
cgroup: remove redundant variable in cgroup_mount()
cgroup: fix missing unlock in cgroup_release_agent()
cgroup: remove CGRP_RELEASABLE flag
perf/cgroup: Remove perf_put_cgroup()
cgroup: remove redundant check in cgroup_ino()
cpuset: simplify proc_cpuset_show()
cgroup: simplify proc_cgroup_show()
cgroup: use a per-cgroup work for release agent
cgroup: remove bogus comments
cgroup: remove redundant code in cgroup_rmdir()
cgroup: remove some useless forward declarations
cgroup: fix a typo in comment.
Oleg noticed that a cleanup by Sylvain actually uncovered a bug; by
calling perf_event_free_task() when failing sched_fork() we will not yet
have done the memset() on ->perf_event_ctxp[] and will therefore try and
'free' the inherited contexts, which are still in use by the parent
process. This is bad..
Suggested-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Reported-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Reported-by: Sylvain 'ythier' Hitier <sylvain.hitier@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
We saw a kernel soft lockup in perf_remove_from_context(),
it looks like the `perf` process, when exiting, could not go
out of the retry loop. Meanwhile, the target process was forking
a child. So either the target process should execute the smp
function call to deactive the event (if it was running) or it should
do a context switch which deactives the event.
It seems we optimize out a context switch in perf_event_context_sched_out(),
and what's more important, we still test an obsolete task pointer when
retrying, so no one actually would deactive that event in this situation.
Fix it directly by reloading the task pointer in perf_remove_from_context().
This should cure the above soft lockup.
Signed-off-by: Cong Wang <cwang@twopensource.com>
Signed-off-by: Cong Wang <xiyou.wangcong@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Cc: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@kernel.org>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1409696840-843-1-git-send-email-xiyou.wangcong@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
When running a 32-bit userspace on a 64-bit kernel (eg. i386
application on x86_64 kernel or 32-bit arm userspace on arm64
kernel) some of the perf ioctls must be treated with special
care, as they have a pointer size encoded in the command.
For example, PERF_EVENT_IOC_ID in 32-bit world will be encoded
as 0x80042407, but 64-bit kernel will expect 0x80082407. In
result the ioctl will fail returning -ENOTTY.
This patch solves the problem by adding code fixing up the
size as compat_ioctl file operation.
Reported-by: Drew Richardson <drew.richardson@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Pawel Moll <pawel.moll@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@kernel.org>
Cc: Jiri Olsa <jolsa@redhat.com>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1402671812-9078-1-git-send-email-pawel.moll@arm.com
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
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Merge tag 'v3.16-rc7' into perf/core, to merge in the latest fixes before applying new changes
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
The following patch added another way to get mmap name: 78d683e838
("mm, fs: Add vm_ops->name as an alternative to arch_vma_name")
The vdso vma mapping already switch to this and we no longer get vdso
name via arch_vma_name function. Adding this way to the perf mmap
event name retrieval code.
Caught this via perf test:
$ sudo ./perf test -v 7
7: Validate PERF_RECORD_* events & perf_sample fields :
--- start ---
SNIP
PERF_RECORD_MMAP for [vdso] missing!
test child finished with 255
---- end ----
Validate PERF_RECORD_* events & perf_sample fields: FAILED!
Signed-off-by: Jiri Olsa <jolsa@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Andy Lutomirski <luto@amacapital.net>
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Namhyung Kim <namhyung@kernel.org>
Cc: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@kernel.org>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Cc: Corey Ashford <cjashfor@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: David Ahern <dsahern@gmail.com>
Cc: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1405353439-14211-1-git-send-email-jolsa@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Vince reported that commit 15a2d4de0e ("perf: Always destroy groups
on exit") causes a regression with grouped events. In particular his
read_group_attached.c test fails.
https://github.com/deater/perf_event_tests/blob/master/tests/bugs/read_group_attached.c
Because of the context switch optimization in
perf_event_context_sched_out() the 'original' event may end up in the
child process and when that exits the change in the patch in question
destroys the actual grouping.
Therefore revert that change and only destroy inherited groups.
Reported-by: Vince Weaver <vincent.weaver@maine.edu>
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@kernel.org>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/n/tip-zedy3uktcp753q8fw8dagx7a@git.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
The context check in perf_event_context_sched_out allows
non-cloned context to be part of the optimized schedule
out switch.
This could move non-cloned context into another workload
child. Once this child exits, the context is closed and
leaves all original (parent) events in closed state.
Any other new cloned event will have closed state and not
measure anything. And probably causing other odd bugs.
Signed-off-by: Jiri Olsa <jolsa@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Cc: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@kernel.org>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Cc: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com>
Cc: Namhyung Kim <namhyung@kernel.org>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Cc: Corey Ashford <cjashfor@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: David Ahern <dsahern@gmail.com>
Cc: Jiri Olsa <jolsa@redhat.com>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1403598026-2310-2-git-send-email-jolsa@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Pull more perf updates from Ingo Molnar:
"A second round of perf updates:
- wide reaching kprobes sanitization and robustization, with the hope
of fixing all 'probe this function crashes the kernel' bugs, by
Masami Hiramatsu.
- uprobes updates from Oleg Nesterov: tmpfs support, corner case
fixes and robustization work.
- perf tooling updates and fixes from Jiri Olsa, Namhyung Ki, Arnaldo
et al:
* Add support to accumulate hist periods (Namhyung Kim)
* various fixes, refactorings and enhancements"
* 'perf-core-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip: (101 commits)
perf: Differentiate exec() and non-exec() comm events
perf: Fix perf_event_comm() vs. exec() assumption
uprobes/x86: Rename arch_uprobe->def to ->defparam, minor comment updates
perf/documentation: Add description for conditional branch filter
perf/x86: Add conditional branch filtering support
perf/tool: Add conditional branch filter 'cond' to perf record
perf: Add new conditional branch filter 'PERF_SAMPLE_BRANCH_COND'
uprobes: Teach copy_insn() to support tmpfs
uprobes: Shift ->readpage check from __copy_insn() to uprobe_register()
perf/x86: Use common PMU interrupt disabled code
perf/ARM: Use common PMU interrupt disabled code
perf: Disable sampled events if no PMU interrupt
perf: Fix use after free in perf_remove_from_context()
perf tools: Fix 'make help' message error
perf record: Fix poll return value propagation
perf tools: Move elide bool into perf_hpp_fmt struct
perf tools: Remove elide setup for SORT_MODE__MEMORY mode
perf tools: Fix "==" into "=" in ui_browser__warning assignment
perf tools: Allow overriding sysfs and proc finding with env var
perf tools: Consider header files outside perf directory in tags target
...
Pull cgroup updates from Tejun Heo:
"A lot of activities on cgroup side. Heavy restructuring including
locking simplification took place to improve the code base and enable
implementation of the unified hierarchy, which currently exists behind
a __DEVEL__ mount option. The core support is mostly complete but
individual controllers need further work. To explain the design and
rationales of the the unified hierarchy
Documentation/cgroups/unified-hierarchy.txt
is added.
Another notable change is css (cgroup_subsys_state - what each
controller uses to identify and interact with a cgroup) iteration
update. This is part of continuing updates on css object lifetime and
visibility. cgroup started with reference count draining on removal
way back and is now reaching a point where csses behave and are
iterated like normal refcnted objects albeit with some complexities to
allow distinguishing the state where they're being deleted. The css
iteration update isn't taken advantage of yet but is planned to be
used to simplify memcg significantly"
* 'for-3.16' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tj/cgroup: (77 commits)
cgroup: disallow disabled controllers on the default hierarchy
cgroup: don't destroy the default root
cgroup: disallow debug controller on the default hierarchy
cgroup: clean up MAINTAINERS entries
cgroup: implement css_tryget()
device_cgroup: use css_has_online_children() instead of has_children()
cgroup: convert cgroup_has_live_children() into css_has_online_children()
cgroup: use CSS_ONLINE instead of CGRP_DEAD
cgroup: iterate cgroup_subsys_states directly
cgroup: introduce CSS_RELEASED and reduce css iteration fallback window
cgroup: move cgroup->serial_nr into cgroup_subsys_state
cgroup: link all cgroup_subsys_states in their sibling lists
cgroup: move cgroup->sibling and ->children into cgroup_subsys_state
cgroup: remove cgroup->parent
device_cgroup: remove direct access to cgroup->children
memcg: update memcg_has_children() to use css_next_child()
memcg: remove tasks/children test from mem_cgroup_force_empty()
cgroup: remove css_parent()
cgroup: skip refcnting on normal root csses and cgrp_dfl_root self css
cgroup: use cgroup->self.refcnt for cgroup refcnting
...
This reverts commit 3090ffb5a2.
Re-enable the mmap2 interface as we will have a user soon.
Since things have changed since perf disabled mmap2, small tweaks
to the revert had to be done:
o commit 9d4ecc88 forced (n!=8) to become (n<7)
o a new libunwind test needed updating to use mmap2 interface
Signed-off-by: Don Zickus <dzickus@redhat.com>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1401461382-209586-1-git-send-email-dzickus@redhat.com
Signed-off-by: Jiri Olsa <jolsa@kernel.org>
The mmap2 interface was missing the protection and flags bits needed to
accurately determine if a mmap memory area was shared or private and
if it was readable or not.
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
[tweaked patch to compile and wrote changelog]
Signed-off-by: Don Zickus <dzickus@redhat.com>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1400526833-141779-2-git-send-email-dzickus@redhat.com
Signed-off-by: Jiri Olsa <jolsa@kernel.org>
perf tools like 'perf report' can aggregate samples by comm strings,
which generally works. However, there are other potential use-cases.
For example, to pair up 'calls' with 'returns' accurately (from branch
events like Intel BTS) it is necessary to identify whether the process
has exec'd. Although a comm event is generated when an 'exec' happens
it is also generated whenever the comm string is changed on a whim
(e.g. by prctl PR_SET_NAME). This patch adds a flag to the comm event
to differentiate one case from the other.
In order to determine whether the kernel supports the new flag, a
selection bit named 'exec' is added to struct perf_event_attr. The
bit does nothing but will cause perf_event_open() to fail if the bit
is set on kernels that do not have it defined.
Signed-off-by: Adrian Hunter <adrian.hunter@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/537D9EBE.7030806@intel.com
Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Cc: Dave Jones <davej@redhat.com>
Cc: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@kernel.org>
Cc: David Ahern <dsahern@gmail.com>
Cc: Jiri Olsa <jolsa@redhat.com>
Cc: Alexander Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: linux-fsdevel@vger.kernel.org
Cc: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
perf_event_comm() assumes that set_task_comm() is only called on
exec(), and in particular that its only called on current.
Neither are true, as Dave reported a WARN triggered by set_task_comm()
being called on !current.
Separate the exec() hook from the comm hook.
Reported-by: Dave Jones <davej@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Alexander Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@kernel.org>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: linux-fsdevel@vger.kernel.org
Cc: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20140521153219.GH5226@laptop.programming.kicks-ass.net
[ Build fix. ]
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Add common code to generate -ENOTSUPP at event creation time if an
architecture attempts to create a sampled event and
PERF_PMU_NO_INTERRUPT is set.
This adds a new pmu->capabilities flag. Initially we only support
PERF_PMU_NO_INTERRUPT (to indicate a PMU has no support for generating
hardware interrupts) but there are other capabilities that can be
added later.
Signed-off-by: Vince Weaver <vincent.weaver@maine.edu>
Acked-by: Will Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com>
[peterz: rename to PERF_PMU_CAP_* and moved the pmu::capabilities word into a hole]
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@kernel.org>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/alpine.DEB.2.10.1405161708060.11099@vincent-weaver-1.umelst.maine.edu
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
While that mutex should guard the elements, it doesn't guard against the
use-after-free that's from list_for_each_entry_rcu().
__perf_event_exit_task() can actually free the event.
And because list addition/deletion is guarded by both ctx->mutex and
ctx->lock, holding ctx->mutex is sufficient for reading the list, so we
don't actually need the rcu list iteration.
Fixes: 3a497f4863 ("perf: Simplify perf_event_exit_task_context()")
Reported-by: Sasha Levin <sasha.levin@oracle.com>
Tested-by: Sasha Levin <sasha.levin@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Dave Jones <davej@redhat.com>
Cc: acme@ghostprotocols.net
Cc: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@kernel.org>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20140529170024.GA2315@laptop.programming.kicks-ass.net
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Pull perf updates from Ingo Molnar:
"The tooling changes maintained by Jiri Olsa until Arnaldo is on
vacation:
User visible changes:
- Add -F option for specifying output fields (Namhyung Kim)
- Propagate exit status of a command line workload for record command
(Namhyung Kim)
- Use tid for finding thread (Namhyung Kim)
- Clarify the output of perf sched map plus small sched command
fixes (Dongsheng Yang)
- Wire up perf_regs and unwind support for ARM64 (Jean Pihet)
- Factor hists statistics counts processing which in turn also fixes
several bugs in TUI report command (Namhyung Kim)
- Add --percentage option to control absolute/relative percentage
output (Namhyung Kim)
- Add --list-cmds to 'kmem', 'mem', 'lock' and 'sched', for use by
completion scripts (Ramkumar Ramachandra)
Development/infrastructure changes and fixes:
- Android related fixes for pager and map dso resolving (Michael
Lentine)
- Add libdw DWARF post unwind support for ARM (Jean Pihet)
- Consolidate types.h for ARM and ARM64 (Jean Pihet)
- Fix possible null pointer dereference in session.c (Masanari Iida)
- Cleanup, remove unused variables in map_switch_event() (Dongsheng
Yang)
- Remove nr_state_machine_bugs in perf latency (Dongsheng Yang)
- Remove usage of trace_sched_wakeup(.success) (Peter Zijlstra)
- Cleanups for perf.h header (Jiri Olsa)
- Consolidate types.h and export.h within tools (Borislav Petkov)
- Move u64_swap union to its single user's header, evsel.h (Borislav
Petkov)
- Fix for s390 to properly parse tracepoints plus test code
(Alexander Yarygin)
- Handle EINTR error for readn/writen (Namhyung Kim)
- Add a test case for hists filtering (Namhyung Kim)
- Share map_groups among threads of the same group (Arnaldo Carvalho
de Melo, Jiri Olsa)
- Making some code (cpu node map and report parse callchain callback)
global to be usable by upcomming changes (Don Zickus)
- Fix pmu object compilation error (Jiri Olsa)
Kernel side changes:
- intrusive uprobes fixes from Oleg Nesterov. Since the interface is
admin-only, and the bug only affects user-space ("any probed
jmp/call can kill the application"), we queued these fixes via the
development tree, as a special exception.
- more fuzzer motivated race fixes and related refactoring and
robustization.
- allow PMU drivers to be built as modules. (No actual module yet,
because the x86 Intel uncore module wasn't ready in time for this)"
* 'perf-core-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip: (114 commits)
perf tools: Add automatic remapping of Android libraries
perf tools: Add cat as fallback pager
perf tests: Add a testcase for histogram output sorting
perf tests: Factor out print_hists_*()
perf tools: Introduce reset_output_field()
perf tools: Get rid of obsolete hist_entry__sort_list
perf hists: Reset width of output fields with header length
perf tools: Skip elided sort entries
perf top: Add --fields option to specify output fields
perf report/tui: Fix a bug when --fields/sort is given
perf tools: Add ->sort() member to struct sort_entry
perf report: Add -F option to specify output fields
perf tools: Call perf_hpp__init() before setting up GUI browsers
perf tools: Consolidate management of default sort orders
perf tools: Allow hpp fields to be sort keys
perf ui: Get rid of callback from __hpp__fmt()
perf tools: Consolidate output field handling to hpp format routines
perf tools: Use hpp formats to sort final output
perf tools: Support event grouping in hpp ->sort()
perf tools: Use hpp formats to sort hist entries
...
Alexander noticed that we use RCU iteration on rb->event_list but do
not use list_{add,del}_rcu() to add,remove entries to that list, nor
do we observe proper grace periods when re-using the entries.
Merge ring_buffer_detach() into ring_buffer_attach() such that
attaching to the NULL buffer is detaching.
Furthermore, ensure that between any 'detach' and 'attach' of the same
event we observe the required grace period, but only when strictly
required. In effect this means that only ioctl(.request =
PERF_EVENT_IOC_SET_OUTPUT) will wait for a grace period, while the
normal initial attach and final detach will not be delayed.
This patch should, I think, do the right thing under all
circumstances, the 'normal' cases all should never see the extra grace
period, but the two cases:
1) PERF_EVENT_IOC_SET_OUTPUT on an event which already has a
ring_buffer set, will now observe the required grace period between
removing itself from the old and attaching itself to the new buffer.
This case is 'simple' in that both buffers are present in
perf_event_set_output() one could think an unconditional
synchronize_rcu() would be sufficient; however...
2) an event that has a buffer attached, the buffer is destroyed
(munmap) and then the event is attached to a new/different buffer
using PERF_EVENT_IOC_SET_OUTPUT.
This case is more complex because the buffer destruction does:
ring_buffer_attach(.rb = NULL)
followed by the ioctl() doing:
ring_buffer_attach(.rb = foo);
and we still need to observe the grace period between these two
calls due to us reusing the event->rb_entry list_head.
In order to make 2 happen we use Paul's latest cond_synchronize_rcu()
call.
Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Cc: Stephane Eranian <eranian@google.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <ak@linux.intel.com>
Cc: "Paul E. McKenney" <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com>
Cc: Mike Galbraith <efault@gmx.de>
Reported-by: Alexander Shishkin <alexander.shishkin@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20140507123526.GD13658@twins.programming.kicks-ass.net
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
The perf cpu offline callback takes down all cpu context
events and releases swhash->swevent_hlist.
This could race with task context software event being just
scheduled on this cpu via perf_swevent_add while cpu hotplug
code already cleaned up event's data.
The race happens in the gap between the cpu notifier code
and the cpu being actually taken down. Note that only cpu
ctx events are terminated in the perf cpu hotplug code.
It's easily reproduced with:
$ perf record -e faults perf bench sched pipe
while putting one of the cpus offline:
# echo 0 > /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu1/online
Console emits following warning:
WARNING: CPU: 1 PID: 2845 at kernel/events/core.c:5672 perf_swevent_add+0x18d/0x1a0()
Modules linked in:
CPU: 1 PID: 2845 Comm: sched-pipe Tainted: G W 3.14.0+ #256
Hardware name: Intel Corporation Montevina platform/To be filled by O.E.M., BIOS AMVACRB1.86C.0066.B00.0805070703 05/07/2008
0000000000000009 ffff880077233ab8 ffffffff81665a23 0000000000200005
0000000000000000 ffff880077233af8 ffffffff8104732c 0000000000000046
ffff88007467c800 0000000000000002 ffff88007a9cf2a0 0000000000000001
Call Trace:
[<ffffffff81665a23>] dump_stack+0x4f/0x7c
[<ffffffff8104732c>] warn_slowpath_common+0x8c/0xc0
[<ffffffff8104737a>] warn_slowpath_null+0x1a/0x20
[<ffffffff8110fb3d>] perf_swevent_add+0x18d/0x1a0
[<ffffffff811162ae>] event_sched_in.isra.75+0x9e/0x1f0
[<ffffffff8111646a>] group_sched_in+0x6a/0x1f0
[<ffffffff81083dd5>] ? sched_clock_local+0x25/0xa0
[<ffffffff811167e6>] ctx_sched_in+0x1f6/0x450
[<ffffffff8111757b>] perf_event_sched_in+0x6b/0xa0
[<ffffffff81117a4b>] perf_event_context_sched_in+0x7b/0xc0
[<ffffffff81117ece>] __perf_event_task_sched_in+0x43e/0x460
[<ffffffff81096f1e>] ? put_lock_stats.isra.18+0xe/0x30
[<ffffffff8107b3c8>] finish_task_switch+0xb8/0x100
[<ffffffff8166a7de>] __schedule+0x30e/0xad0
[<ffffffff81172dd2>] ? pipe_read+0x3e2/0x560
[<ffffffff8166b45e>] ? preempt_schedule_irq+0x3e/0x70
[<ffffffff8166b45e>] ? preempt_schedule_irq+0x3e/0x70
[<ffffffff8166b464>] preempt_schedule_irq+0x44/0x70
[<ffffffff816707f0>] retint_kernel+0x20/0x30
[<ffffffff8109e60a>] ? lockdep_sys_exit+0x1a/0x90
[<ffffffff812a4234>] lockdep_sys_exit_thunk+0x35/0x67
[<ffffffff81679321>] ? sysret_check+0x5/0x56
Fixing this by tracking the cpu hotplug state and displaying
the WARN only if current cpu is initialized properly.
Cc: Corey Ashford <cjashfor@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Cc: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@redhat.com>
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Reported-by: Fengguang Wu <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Jiri Olsa <jolsa@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1396861448-10097-1-git-send-email-jolsa@redhat.com
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Vince reported that using a large sample_period (one with bit 63 set)
results in wreckage since while the sample_period is fundamentally
unsigned (negative periods don't make sense) the way we implement
things very much rely on signed logic.
So limit sample_period to 63 bits to avoid tripping over this.
Reported-by: Vince Weaver <vincent.weaver@maine.edu>
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/n/tip-p25fhunibl4y3qi0zuqmyf4b@git.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Unlike the more usual refcnting, what css_tryget() provides is the
distinction between online and offline csses instead of protection
against upping a refcnt which already reached zero. cgroup is
planning to provide actual tryget which fails if the refcnt already
reached zero. Let's rename the existing trygets so that they clearly
indicate that they're onliness.
I thought about keeping the existing names as-are and introducing new
names for the planned actual tryget; however, given that each
controller participates in the synchronization of the online state, it
seems worthwhile to make it explicit that these functions are about
on/offline state.
Rename css_tryget() to css_tryget_online() and css_tryget_from_dir()
to css_tryget_online_from_dir(). This is pure rename.
v2: cgroup_freezer grew new usages of css_tryget(). Update
accordingly.
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Li Zefan <lizefan@huawei.com>
Cc: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com>
Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@kernel.org>
Instead of jumping through hoops to make sure to find (and exit) each
event, do it the simple straight fwd way.
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@kernel.org>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Cc: Vince Weaver <vincent.weaver@maine.edu>
Cc: Stephane Eranian <eranian@google.com>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/n/tip-tij931199thfkys8vbnokdpf@git.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Primarily make perf_event_release_kernel() into put_event(), this will
allow kernel space to create per-task inherited events, and is safer
in general.
Also, document the free_event() assumptions.
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@kernel.org>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Cc: Vince Weaver <vincent.weaver@maine.edu>
Cc: Stephane Eranian <eranian@google.com>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/n/tip-rk9pvr6e1d0559lxstltbztc@git.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Commit 38b435b16c ("perf: Fix tear-down of inherited group events")
states that we need to destroy groups for inherited events, but it
doesn't make any sense to not also destroy groups for normal events.
And while it usually makes no difference (the normal events won't
leak, and its very likely all the group events will die in quick
succession) it does make the code more consistent and closes a
potential hole for trouble.
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@kernel.org>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Cc: Vince Weaver <vincent.weaver@maine.edu>
Cc: Stephane Eranian <eranian@google.com>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/n/tip-426egt8zmsm12d2q8k2xz4tt@git.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Make sure all events in a group have the same inherit state. It was
possible for group leaders to have inherit set while sibling events
would not have inherit set.
In this case we'd still inherit the siblings, leading to some
non-fatal weirdness.
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@kernel.org>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Cc: Vince Weaver <vincent.weaver@maine.edu>
Cc: Stephane Eranian <eranian@google.com>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/n/tip-r32tt8yldvic3jlcghd3g35u@git.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
When removing a (sibling) event we do:
raw_spin_lock_irq(&ctx->lock);
perf_group_detach(event);
raw_spin_unlock_irq(&ctx->lock);
<hole>
perf_remove_from_context(event);
raw_spin_lock_irq(&ctx->lock);
...
raw_spin_unlock_irq(&ctx->lock);
Now, assuming the event is a sibling, it will be 'unreachable' for
things like ctx_sched_out() because that iterates the
groups->siblings, and we just unhooked the sibling.
So, if during <hole> we get ctx_sched_out(), it will miss the event
and not call event_sched_out() on it, leaving it programmed on the
PMU.
The subsequent perf_remove_from_context() call will find the ctx is
inactive and only call list_del_event() to remove the event from all
other lists.
Hereafter we can proceed to free the event; while still programmed!
Close this hole by moving perf_group_detach() inside the same
ctx->lock region(s) perf_remove_from_context() has.
The condition on inherited events only in __perf_event_exit_task() is
likely complete crap because non-inherited events are part of groups
too and we're tearing down just the same. But leave that for another
patch.
Most-likely-Fixes: e03a9a55b4 ("perf: Change close() semantics for group events")
Reported-by: Vince Weaver <vincent.weaver@maine.edu>
Tested-by: Vince Weaver <vincent.weaver@maine.edu>
Much-staring-at-traces-by: Vince Weaver <vincent.weaver@maine.edu>
Much-staring-at-traces-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@kernel.org>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20140505093124.GN17778@laptop.programming.kicks-ass.net
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
This patch adds support for building PMU driver as module. It exports
the functions perf_pmu_{register,unregister}() and adds reference tracking
for the PMU driver module.
When the PMU driver is built as a module, each active event of the PMU
holds a reference to the driver module.
Signed-off-by: Yan, Zheng <zheng.z.yan@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1395133004-23205-1-git-send-email-zheng.z.yan@intel.com
Cc: eranian@google.com
Cc: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@kernel.org>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Pull cgroup updates from Tejun Heo:
"A lot updates for cgroup:
- The biggest one is cgroup's conversion to kernfs. cgroup took
after the long abandoned vfs-entangled sysfs implementation and
made it even more convoluted over time. cgroup's internal objects
were fused with vfs objects which also brought in vfs locking and
object lifetime rules. Naturally, there are places where vfs rules
don't fit and nasty hacks, such as credential switching or lock
dance interleaving inode mutex and cgroup_mutex with object serial
number comparison thrown in to decide whether the operation is
actually necessary, needed to be employed.
After conversion to kernfs, internal object lifetime and locking
rules are mostly isolated from vfs interactions allowing shedding
of several nasty hacks and overall simplification. This will also
allow implmentation of operations which may affect multiple cgroups
which weren't possible before as it would have required nesting
i_mutexes.
- Various simplifications including dropping of module support,
easier cgroup name/path handling, simplified cgroup file type
handling and task_cg_lists optimization.
- Prepatory changes for the planned unified hierarchy, which is still
a patchset away from being actually operational. The dummy
hierarchy is updated to serve as the default unified hierarchy.
Controllers which aren't claimed by other hierarchies are
associated with it, which BTW was what the dummy hierarchy was for
anyway.
- Various fixes from Li and others. This pull request includes some
patches to add missing slab.h to various subsystems. This was
triggered xattr.h include removal from cgroup.h. cgroup.h
indirectly got included a lot of files which brought in xattr.h
which brought in slab.h.
There are several merge commits - one to pull in kernfs updates
necessary for converting cgroup (already in upstream through
driver-core), others for interfering changes in the fixes branch"
* 'for-3.15' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tj/cgroup: (74 commits)
cgroup: remove useless argument from cgroup_exit()
cgroup: fix spurious lockdep warning in cgroup_exit()
cgroup: Use RCU_INIT_POINTER(x, NULL) in cgroup.c
cgroup: break kernfs active_ref protection in cgroup directory operations
cgroup: fix cgroup_taskset walking order
cgroup: implement CFTYPE_ONLY_ON_DFL
cgroup: make cgrp_dfl_root mountable
cgroup: drop const from @buffer of cftype->write_string()
cgroup: rename cgroup_dummy_root and related names
cgroup: move ->subsys_mask from cgroupfs_root to cgroup
cgroup: treat cgroup_dummy_root as an equivalent hierarchy during rebinding
cgroup: remove NULL checks from [pr_cont_]cgroup_{name|path}()
cgroup: use cgroup_setup_root() to initialize cgroup_dummy_root
cgroup: reorganize cgroup bootstrapping
cgroup: relocate setting of CGRP_DEAD
cpuset: use rcu_read_lock() to protect task_cs()
cgroup_freezer: document freezer_fork() subtleties
cgroup: update cgroup_transfer_tasks() to either succeed or fail
cgroup: drop task_lock() protection around task->cgroups
cgroup: update how a newly forked task gets associated with css_set
...
Use the ctx pmu instead of the event pmu.
When a group leader is a software event but the group contains
hardware events, the entire group is on the hardware PMU.
Using the hardware PMU for the transaction makes most sense since
that's the most expensive one to programm (and software PMUs generally
don't have TXN support anyway).
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Stephane Eranian <eranian@google.com>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/n/tip-sctoo9t2f3nn2c9g568928q3@git.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Currently perf_branch_stack_sched_in iterates over the set of pmus,
checks that each pmu has a flush_branch_stack callback, then overwrites
the pmu before calling the callback. This is either redundant or broken.
In systems with a single hw pmu, pmu == cpuctx->ctx.pmu, and thus the
assignment is redundant.
In systems with multiple hw pmus (i.e. multiple pmus with task_ctx_nr ==
perf_hw_context) the pmus share the same perf_cpu_context. Thus the
assignment can cause one of the pmus to flush its branch stack
repeatedly rather than causing each of the pmus to flush their branch
stacks. Worse still, if only some pmus have the callback the assignment
can result in a branch to NULL.
This patch removes the redundant assignment.
Signed-off-by: Mark Rutland <mark.rutland@arm.com>
Acked-by: Will Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Stephane Eranian <eranian@google.com>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1392054264-23570-3-git-send-email-mark.rutland@arm.com
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
For some reason find_pmu_context() is defined as returning void * rather
than a __percpu struct perf_cpu_context *. As all the requisite types are
defined in advance there's no reason to keep it that way.
This patch modifies the prototype of pmu_find_context to return a
__percpu struct perf_cpu_context *.
Signed-off-by: Mark Rutland <mark.rutland@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Reviewed-by: Dave Martin <Dave.Martin@arm.com>
Acked-by: Will Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1392054264-23570-2-git-send-email-mark.rutland@arm.com
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Drew Richardson reported that he could make the kernel go *boom* when hotplugging
while having perf events active.
It turned out that when you have a group event, the code in
__perf_event_exit_context() fails to remove the group siblings from
the context.
We then proceed with destroying and freeing the event, and when you
re-plug the CPU and try and add another event to that CPU, things go
*boom* because you've still got dead entries there.
Reported-by: Drew Richardson <drew.richardson@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Will Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/n/tip-k6v5wundvusvcseqj1si0oz0@git.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
On Mon, Feb 10, 2014 at 08:45:16AM -0800, Dave Hansen wrote:
> The reason I coded this up was that NMIs were firing off so fast that
> nothing else was getting a chance to run. With this patch, at least the
> printk() would come out and I'd have some idea what was going on.
It will start spewing to early_printk() (which is a lot nicer to use
from NMI context too) when it fails to queue the IRQ-work because its
already enqueued.
It does have the false-positive for when two CPUs trigger the warn
concurrently, but that should be rare and some extra clutter on the
early printk shouldn't be a problem.
Cc: hpa@zytor.com
Cc: tglx@linutronix.de
Cc: dzickus@redhat.com
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@linux.intel.com>
Cc: mingo@kernel.org
Fixes: 6a02ad66b2 ("perf/x86: Push the duration-logging printk() to IRQ context")
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20140211150116.GO27965@twins.programming.kicks-ass.net
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
If !NULL, @skip_css makes cgroup_taskset_for_each() skip the matching
css. The intention of the interface is to make it easy to skip css's
(cgroup_subsys_states) which already match the migration target;
however, this is entirely unnecessary as migration taskset doesn't
include tasks which are already in the target cgroup. Drop @skip_css
from cgroup_taskset_for_each().
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Li Zefan <lizefan@huawei.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@ghostprotocols.net>
Cc: Daniel Borkmann <dborkman@redhat.com>
css_from_dir() returns the matching css (cgroup_subsys_state) given a
dentry and subsystem. The function doesn't pin the css before
returning and requires the caller to be holding RCU read lock or
cgroup_mutex and handling pinning on the caller side.
Given that users of the function are likely to want to pin the
returned css (both existing users do) and that getting and putting
css's are very cheap, there's no reason for the interface to be tricky
like this.
Rename css_from_dir() to css_tryget_from_dir() and make it try to pin
the found css and return it only if pinning succeeded. The callers
are updated so that they no longer do RCU locking and pinning around
the function and just use the returned css.
This will also ease converting cgroup to kernfs.
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Li Zefan <lizefan@huawei.com>
Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Cc: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Balbir Singh <bsingharora@gmail.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Calling printk() from NMI context is bad (TM), so move it to IRQ
context.
This also avoids the problem where the printk() time is measured by
the generic NMI duration goo and triggers a second warning.
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Don Zickus <dzickus@redhat.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@linux.intel.com>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/n/tip-75dv35xf6dhhmeb7nq6fua31@git.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
cgroup_subsys is a bit messier than it needs to be.
* The name of a subsys can be different from its internal identifier
defined in cgroup_subsys.h. Most subsystems use the matching name
but three - cpu, memory and perf_event - use different ones.
* cgroup_subsys_id enums are postfixed with _subsys_id and each
cgroup_subsys is postfixed with _subsys. cgroup.h is widely
included throughout various subsystems, it doesn't and shouldn't
have claim on such generic names which don't have any qualifier
indicating that they belong to cgroup.
* cgroup_subsys->subsys_id should always equal the matching
cgroup_subsys_id enum; however, we require each controller to
initialize it and then BUG if they don't match, which is a bit
silly.
This patch cleans up cgroup_subsys names and initialization by doing
the followings.
* cgroup_subsys_id enums are now postfixed with _cgrp_id, and each
cgroup_subsys with _cgrp_subsys.
* With the above, renaming subsys identifiers to match the userland
visible names doesn't cause any naming conflicts. All non-matching
identifiers are renamed to match the official names.
cpu_cgroup -> cpu
mem_cgroup -> memory
perf -> perf_event
* controllers no longer need to initialize ->subsys_id and ->name.
They're generated in cgroup core and set automatically during boot.
* Redundant cgroup_subsys declarations removed.
* While updating BUG_ON()s in cgroup_init_early(), convert them to
WARN()s. BUGging that early during boot is stupid - the kernel
can't print anything, even through serial console and the trap
handler doesn't even link stack frame properly for back-tracing.
This patch doesn't introduce any behavior changes.
v2: Rebased on top of fe1217c4f3 ("net: net_cls: move cgroupfs
classid handling into core").
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Neil Horman <nhorman@tuxdriver.com>
Acked-by: "David S. Miller" <davem@davemloft.net>
Acked-by: "Rafael J. Wysocki" <rjw@rjwysocki.net>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Acked-by: Aristeu Rozanski <aris@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Li Zefan <lizefan@huawei.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Balbir Singh <bsingharora@gmail.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Serge E. Hallyn <serue@us.ibm.com>
Cc: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com>
Cc: Thomas Graf <tgraf@suug.ch>
Unlike recent modern userspace API such as:
epoll_create1 (EPOLL_CLOEXEC), eventfd (EFD_CLOEXEC),
fanotify_init (FAN_CLOEXEC), inotify_init1 (IN_CLOEXEC),
signalfd (SFD_CLOEXEC), timerfd_create (TFD_CLOEXEC),
or the venerable general purpose open (O_CLOEXEC),
perf_event_open() syscall lack a flag to atomically set FD_CLOEXEC
(eg. close-on-exec) flag on file descriptor it returns to userspace.
The present patch adds a PERF_FLAG_FD_CLOEXEC flag to allow
perf_event_open() syscall to atomically set close-on-exec.
Having this flag will enable userspace to remove the file descriptor
from the list of file descriptors being inherited across exec,
without the need to call fcntl(fd, F_SETFD, FD_CLOEXEC) and the
associated race condition between the current thread and another
thread calling fork(2) then execve(2).
Links:
- Secure File Descriptor Handling (Ulrich Drepper, 2008)
http://udrepper.livejournal.com/20407.html
- Excuse me son, but your code is leaking !!! (Dan Walsh, March 2012)
http://danwalsh.livejournal.com/53603.html
- Notes in DMA buffer sharing: leak and security hole
http://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/Documentation/dma-buf-sharing.txt?id=v3.13-rc3#n428
Signed-off-by: Yann Droneaud <ydroneaud@opteya.com>
Cc: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@ghostprotocols.net>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/8c03f54e1598b1727c19706f3af03f98685d9fe6.1388952061.git.ydroneaud@opteya.com
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
This patch fixes a problem with the initialization of the
struct perf_event active_entry field. It is defined inside
an anonymous union and was initialized in perf_event_alloc()
using INIT_LIST_HEAD(). However at that time, we do not know
whether the event is going to use active_entry or hlist_entry (SW).
Or at last, we don't want to make that determination there.
The problem is that hlist and list_head are not initialized
the same way. One is okay with NULL (from kzmalloc), the other
needs to pointers to point to self.
This patch resolves this problem by dropping the union.
This will avoid problems later on, if someone starts using
active_entry or hlist_entry without verifying that they
actually overlap. This also solves the initialization
problem.
Signed-off-by: Stephane Eranian <eranian@google.com>
Cc: ak@linux.intel.com
Cc: acme@redhat.com
Cc: jolsa@redhat.com
Cc: zheng.z.yan@intel.com
Cc: bp@alien8.de
Cc: vincent.weaver@maine.edu
Cc: maria.n.dimakopoulou@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1389176153-3128-2-git-send-email-eranian@google.com
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
