no point, really - the only instance that cares about those arguments of
tlb_finish_mmu() is itanic and there we explicitly check if that's called
from exit_mmap() (i.e. that ->fullmm is set), in which case we ignore those
arguments completely.
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Commit 6bd4837de9 ("mm: simplify find_vma_prev()") broke memory
management on PA-RISC.
After application of the patch, programs that allocate big arrays on the
stack crash with segfault, for example, this will crash if compiled
without optimization:
int main()
{
char array[200000];
array[199999] = 0;
return 0;
}
The reason is that PA-RISC has up-growing stack and the stack is usually
the last memory area. In the above example, a page fault happens above
the stack.
Previously, if we passed too high address to find_vma_prev, it returned
NULL and stored the last VMA in *pprev. After "simplify find_vma_prev"
change, it stores NULL in *pprev. Consequently, the stack area is not
found and it is not expanded, as it used to be before the change.
This patch restores the old behavior and makes it return the last VMA in
*pprev if the requested address is higher than address of any other VMA.
Signed-off-by: Mikulas Patocka <mpatocka@redhat.com>
Acked-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Currently error is -ENOMEM when rejecting VM_GROWSDOWN|VM_GROWSUP
from shared anonymous: hoist the file case's -EINVAL up for both.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Make the uprobes code readable to me:
- improve the Kconfig text so that a mere mortal gets some idea
what CONFIG_UPROBES=y is really about
- do trivial renames to standardize around the uprobes_*() namespace
- clean up and simplify various code flow details
- separate basic blocks of functionality
- line break artifact and white space related removal
- use standard local varible definition blocks
- use vertical spacing to make things more readable
- remove unnecessary volatile
- restructure comment blocks to make them more uniform and
more readable in general
Cc: Srikar Dronamraju <srikar@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Jim Keniston <jkenisto@us.ibm.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Cc: Masami Hiramatsu <masami.hiramatsu.pt@hitachi.com>
Cc: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@infradead.org>
Cc: Anton Arapov <anton@redhat.com>
Cc: Ananth N Mavinakayanahalli <ananth@in.ibm.com>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/n/tip-ewbwhb8o6navvllsauu7k07p@git.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Add uprobes support to the core kernel, with x86 support.
This commit adds the kernel facilities, the actual uprobes
user-space ABI and perf probe support comes in later commits.
General design:
Uprobes are maintained in an rb-tree indexed by inode and offset
(the offset here is from the start of the mapping). For a unique
(inode, offset) tuple, there can be at most one uprobe in the
rb-tree.
Since the (inode, offset) tuple identifies a unique uprobe, more
than one user may be interested in the same uprobe. This provides
the ability to connect multiple 'consumers' to the same uprobe.
Each consumer defines a handler and a filter (optional). The
'handler' is run every time the uprobe is hit, if it matches the
'filter' criteria.
The first consumer of a uprobe causes the breakpoint to be
inserted at the specified address and subsequent consumers are
appended to this list. On subsequent probes, the consumer gets
appended to the existing list of consumers. The breakpoint is
removed when the last consumer unregisters. For all other
unregisterations, the consumer is removed from the list of
consumers.
Given a inode, we get a list of the mms that have mapped the
inode. Do the actual registration if mm maps the page where a
probe needs to be inserted/removed.
We use a temporary list to walk through the vmas that map the
inode.
- The number of maps that map the inode, is not known before we
walk the rmap and keeps changing.
- extending vm_area_struct wasn't recommended, it's a
size-critical data structure.
- There can be more than one maps of the inode in the same mm.
We add callbacks to the mmap methods to keep an eye on text vmas
that are of interest to uprobes. When a vma of interest is mapped,
we insert the breakpoint at the right address.
Uprobe works by replacing the instruction at the address defined
by (inode, offset) with the arch specific breakpoint
instruction. We save a copy of the original instruction at the
uprobed address.
This is needed for:
a. executing the instruction out-of-line (xol).
b. instruction analysis for any subsequent fixups.
c. restoring the instruction back when the uprobe is unregistered.
We insert or delete a breakpoint instruction, and this
breakpoint instruction is assumed to be the smallest instruction
available on the platform. For fixed size instruction platforms
this is trivially true, for variable size instruction platforms
the breakpoint instruction is typically the smallest (often a
single byte).
Writing the instruction is done by COWing the page and changing
the instruction during the copy, this even though most platforms
allow atomic writes of the breakpoint instruction. This also
mirrors the behaviour of a ptrace() memory write to a PRIVATE
file map.
The core worker is derived from KSM's replace_page() logic.
In essence, similar to KSM:
a. allocate a new page and copy over contents of the page that
has the uprobed vaddr
b. modify the copy and insert the breakpoint at the required
address
c. switch the original page with the copy containing the
breakpoint
d. flush page tables.
replace_page() is being replicated here because of some minor
changes in the type of pages and also because Hugh Dickins had
plans to improve replace_page() for KSM specific work.
Instruction analysis on x86 is based on instruction decoder and
determines if an instruction can be probed and determines the
necessary fixups after singlestep. Instruction analysis is done
at probe insertion time so that we avoid having to repeat the
same analysis every time a probe is hit.
A lot of code here is due to the improvement/suggestions/inputs
from Peter Zijlstra.
Changelog:
(v10):
- Add code to clear REX.B prefix as suggested by Denys Vlasenko
and Masami Hiramatsu.
(v9):
- Use insn_offset_modrm as suggested by Masami Hiramatsu.
(v7):
Handle comments from Peter Zijlstra:
- Dont take reference to inode. (expect inode to uprobe_register to be sane).
- Use PTR_ERR to set the return value.
- No need to take reference to inode.
- use PTR_ERR to return error value.
- register and uprobe_unregister share code.
(v5):
- Modified del_consumer as per comments from Peter.
- Drop reference to inode before dropping reference to uprobe.
- Use i_size_read(inode) instead of inode->i_size.
- Ensure uprobe->consumers is NULL, before __uprobe_unregister() is called.
- Includes errno.h as recommended by Stephen Rothwell to fix a build issue
on sparc defconfig
- Remove restrictions while unregistering.
- Earlier code leaked inode references under some conditions while
registering/unregistering.
- Continue the vma-rmap walk even if the intermediate vma doesnt
meet the requirements.
- Validate the vma found by find_vma before inserting/removing the
breakpoint
- Call del_consumer under mutex_lock.
- Use hash locks.
- Handle mremap.
- Introduce find_least_offset_node() instead of close match logic in
find_uprobe
- Uprobes no more depends on MM_OWNER; No reference to task_structs
while inserting/removing a probe.
- Uses read_mapping_page instead of grab_cache_page so that the pages
have valid content.
- pass NULL to get_user_pages for the task parameter.
- call SetPageUptodate on the new page allocated in write_opcode.
- fix leaking a reference to the new page under certain conditions.
- Include Instruction Decoder if Uprobes gets defined.
- Remove const attributes for instruction prefix arrays.
- Uses mm_context to know if the application is 32 bit.
Signed-off-by: Srikar Dronamraju <srikar@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Also-written-by: Jim Keniston <jkenisto@us.ibm.com>
Reviewed-by: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <andi@firstfloor.org>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Cc: Roland McGrath <roland@hack.frob.com>
Cc: Masami Hiramatsu <masami.hiramatsu.pt@hitachi.com>
Cc: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@infradead.org>
Cc: Anton Arapov <anton@redhat.com>
Cc: Ananth N Mavinakayanahalli <ananth@in.ibm.com>
Cc: Stephen Rothwell <sfr@canb.auug.org.au>
Cc: Denys Vlasenko <vda.linux@googlemail.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Linux-mm <linux-mm@kvack.org>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20120209092642.GE16600@linux.vnet.ibm.com
[ Made various small edits to the commit log ]
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Collapse security_vm_enough_memory() variants into a single function.
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
commit 297c5eee37 ("mm: make the vma list be doubly linked") added the
vm_prev member to vm_area_struct. We can simplify find_vma_prev() by
using it. Also, this change helps to improve page fault performance
because it has stronger locality of reference.
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Shaohua Li <shaohua.li@intel.com>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
migrate was doing an rmap_walk with speculative lock-less access on
pagetables. That could lead it to not serializing properly against mremap
PT locks. But a second problem remains in the order of vmas in the
same_anon_vma list used by the rmap_walk.
If vma_merge succeeds in copy_vma, the src vma could be placed after the
dst vma in the same_anon_vma list. That could still lead to migrate
missing some pte.
This patch adds an anon_vma_moveto_tail() function to force the dst vma at
the end of the list before mremap starts to solve the problem.
If the mremap is very large and there are a lots of parents or childs
sharing the anon_vma root lock, this should still scale better than taking
the anon_vma root lock around every pte copy practically for the whole
duration of mremap.
Update: Hugh noticed special care is needed in the error path where
move_page_tables goes in the reverse direction, a second
anon_vma_moveto_tail() call is needed in the error path.
This program exercises the anon_vma_moveto_tail:
===
int main()
{
static struct timeval oldstamp, newstamp;
long diffsec;
char *p, *p2, *p3, *p4;
if (posix_memalign((void **)&p, 2*1024*1024, SIZE))
perror("memalign"), exit(1);
if (posix_memalign((void **)&p2, 2*1024*1024, SIZE))
perror("memalign"), exit(1);
if (posix_memalign((void **)&p3, 2*1024*1024, SIZE))
perror("memalign"), exit(1);
memset(p, 0xff, SIZE);
printf("%p\n", p);
memset(p2, 0xff, SIZE);
memset(p3, 0x77, 4096);
if (memcmp(p, p2, SIZE))
printf("error\n");
p4 = mremap(p+SIZE/2, SIZE/2, SIZE/2, MREMAP_FIXED|MREMAP_MAYMOVE, p3);
if (p4 != p3)
perror("mremap"), exit(1);
p4 = mremap(p4, SIZE/2, SIZE/2, MREMAP_FIXED|MREMAP_MAYMOVE, p+SIZE/2);
if (p4 != p+SIZE/2)
perror("mremap"), exit(1);
if (memcmp(p, p2, SIZE))
printf("error\n");
printf("ok\n");
return 0;
}
===
$ perf probe -a anon_vma_moveto_tail
Add new event:
probe:anon_vma_moveto_tail (on anon_vma_moveto_tail)
You can now use it on all perf tools, such as:
perf record -e probe:anon_vma_moveto_tail -aR sleep 1
$ perf record -e probe:anon_vma_moveto_tail -aR ./anon_vma_moveto_tail
0x7f2ca2800000
ok
[ perf record: Woken up 1 times to write data ]
[ perf record: Captured and wrote 0.043 MB perf.data (~1860 samples) ]
$ perf report --stdio
100.00% anon_vma_moveto [kernel.kallsyms] [k] anon_vma_moveto_tail
Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Reported-by: Nai Xia <nai.xia@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Pawel Sikora <pluto@agmk.net>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
* 'modsplit-Oct31_2011' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/paulg/linux: (230 commits)
Revert "tracing: Include module.h in define_trace.h"
irq: don't put module.h into irq.h for tracking irqgen modules.
bluetooth: macroize two small inlines to avoid module.h
ip_vs.h: fix implicit use of module_get/module_put from module.h
nf_conntrack.h: fix up fallout from implicit moduleparam.h presence
include: replace linux/module.h with "struct module" wherever possible
include: convert various register fcns to macros to avoid include chaining
crypto.h: remove unused crypto_tfm_alg_modname() inline
uwb.h: fix implicit use of asm/page.h for PAGE_SIZE
pm_runtime.h: explicitly requires notifier.h
linux/dmaengine.h: fix implicit use of bitmap.h and asm/page.h
miscdevice.h: fix up implicit use of lists and types
stop_machine.h: fix implicit use of smp.h for smp_processor_id
of: fix implicit use of errno.h in include/linux/of.h
of_platform.h: delete needless include <linux/module.h>
acpi: remove module.h include from platform/aclinux.h
miscdevice.h: delete unnecessary inclusion of module.h
device_cgroup.h: delete needless include <linux/module.h>
net: sch_generic remove redundant use of <linux/module.h>
net: inet_timewait_sock doesnt need <linux/module.h>
...
Fix up trivial conflicts (other header files, and removal of the ab3550 mfd driver) in
- drivers/media/dvb/frontends/dibx000_common.c
- drivers/media/video/{mt9m111.c,ov6650.c}
- drivers/mfd/ab3550-core.c
- include/linux/dmaengine.h
The ret variable is really not needed in mm_take_all_locks().
Signed-off-by: Kautuk Consul <consul.kautuk@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The files changed within are only using the EXPORT_SYMBOL
macro variants. They are not using core modular infrastructure
and hence don't need module.h but only the export.h header.
Signed-off-by: Paul Gortmaker <paul.gortmaker@windriver.com>
- shmem pages are not immediately available, but they are not
potentially available either, even if we swap them out, they will just
relocate from memory into swap, total amount of immediate and
potentially available memory is not going to be affected, so we
shouldn't count them as potentially free in the first place.
- nr_free_pages() is not an expensive operation anymore, there is no
need to split the decision making in two halves and repeat code.
Signed-off-by: Dmitry Fink <dmitry.fink@palm.com>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
We have some users of this function that date back to before the vma
list was doubly linked, and just are silly. These days, you can find
the previous vma by just following the vma->vm_prev pointer.
In some cases you don't need any find_vma() lookup at all, and in other
cases you're better off with the regular "find_vma()" that uses the vma
cache front-end lookup.
Some "find_vma_prev()" users are still valid, though. For example, in
the case of a stack that grows up, it can be the case that we don't find
any 'vma' at all (because we're looking up an address that is past the
last vma), and that the stack that we want to grow is the 'prev' vma.
But that kind of special case aside, we generally should prefer to use
'find_vma()'.
Noticed due to a totally unrelated POWER memory corruption bug that just
happened to hit in 'find_vma_prev()' and made me go "Hmm - why are we
using that function here?".
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The type of vma->vm_flags is 'unsigned long'. Neither 'int' nor
'unsigned int'. This patch fixes such misuse.
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
[ Changed to use a typedef - we'll extend it to cover more cases
later, since there has been discussion about making it a 64-bit
type.. - Linus ]
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Straightforward conversion of anon_vma->lock to a mutex.
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Acked-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Reviewed-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Cc: David Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com>
Cc: Russell King <rmk@arm.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Paul Mundt <lethal@linux-sh.org>
Cc: Jeff Dike <jdike@addtoit.com>
Cc: Richard Weinberger <richard@nod.at>
Cc: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
Cc: Namhyung Kim <namhyung@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Straightforward conversion of i_mmap_lock to a mutex.
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Acked-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Cc: David Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com>
Cc: Russell King <rmk@arm.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Paul Mundt <lethal@linux-sh.org>
Cc: Jeff Dike <jdike@addtoit.com>
Cc: Richard Weinberger <richard@nod.at>
Cc: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
Cc: Namhyung Kim <namhyung@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Hugh says:
"The only significant loser, I think, would be page reclaim (when
concurrent with truncation): could spin for a long time waiting for
the i_mmap_mutex it expects would soon be dropped? "
Counter points:
- cpu contention makes the spin stop (need_resched())
- zap pages should be freeing pages at a higher rate than reclaim
ever can
I think the simplification of the truncate code is definitely worth it.
Effectively reverts: 2aa15890f3 ("mm: prevent concurrent
unmap_mapping_range() on the same inode") and takes out the code that
caused its problem.
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Reviewed-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Cc: David Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com>
Cc: Russell King <rmk@arm.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Paul Mundt <lethal@linux-sh.org>
Cc: Jeff Dike <jdike@addtoit.com>
Cc: Richard Weinberger <richard@nod.at>
Cc: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
Cc: Namhyung Kim <namhyung@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Rework the existing mmu_gather infrastructure.
The direct purpose of these patches was to allow preemptible mmu_gather,
but even without that I think these patches provide an improvement to the
status quo.
The first 9 patches rework the mmu_gather infrastructure. For review
purpose I've split them into generic and per-arch patches with the last of
those a generic cleanup.
The next patch provides generic RCU page-table freeing, and the followup
is a patch converting s390 to use this. I've also got 4 patches from
DaveM lined up (not included in this series) that uses this to implement
gup_fast() for sparc64.
Then there is one patch that extends the generic mmu_gather batching.
After that follow the mm preemptibility patches, these make part of the mm
a lot more preemptible. It converts i_mmap_lock and anon_vma->lock to
mutexes which together with the mmu_gather rework makes mmu_gather
preemptible as well.
Making i_mmap_lock a mutex also enables a clean-up of the truncate code.
This also allows for preemptible mmu_notifiers, something that XPMEM I
think wants.
Furthermore, it removes the new and universially detested unmap_mutex.
This patch:
Remove the first obstacle towards a fully preemptible mmu_gather.
The current scheme assumes mmu_gather is always done with preemption
disabled and uses per-cpu storage for the page batches. Change this to
try and allocate a page for batching and in case of failure, use a small
on-stack array to make some progress.
Preemptible mmu_gather is desired in general and usable once i_mmap_lock
becomes a mutex. Doing it before the mutex conversion saves us from
having to rework the code by moving the mmu_gather bits inside the
pte_lock.
Also avoid flushing the tlb batches from under the pte lock, this is
useful even without the i_mmap_lock conversion as it significantly reduces
pte lock hold times.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix comment tpyo]
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Cc: David Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com>
Cc: Russell King <rmk@arm.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Paul Mundt <lethal@linux-sh.org>
Cc: Jeff Dike <jdike@addtoit.com>
Cc: Richard Weinberger <richard@nod.at>
Cc: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
Cc: Namhyung Kim <namhyung@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Currently we have expand_upwards exported while expand_downwards is
accessible only via expand_stack or expand_stack_downwards.
check_stack_guard_page is a nice example of the asymmetry. It uses
expand_stack for VM_GROWSDOWN while expand_upwards is called for
VM_GROWSUP case.
Let's clean this up by exporting both functions and make those names
consistent. Let's use expand_{upwards,downwards} because expanding
doesn't always involve stack manipulation (an example is
ia64_do_page_fault which uses expand_upwards for registers backing store
expansion). expand_downwards has to be defined for both
CONFIG_STACK_GROWS{UP,DOWN} because get_arg_page calls the downwards
version in the early process initialization phase for growsup
configuration.
Signed-off-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: James Bottomley <James.Bottomley@HansenPartnership.com>
Cc: "Luck, Tony" <tony.luck@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
When I was reading nommu code, I found that it handles the vma list/tree
in an unusual way. IIUC, because there can be more than one
identical/overrapped vmas in the list/tree, it sorts the tree more
strictly and does a linear search on the tree. But it doesn't applied to
the list (i.e. the list could be constructed in a different order than
the tree so that we can't use the list when finding the first vma in that
order).
Since inserting/sorting a vma in the tree and link is done at the same
time, we can easily construct both of them in the same order. And linear
searching on the tree could be more costly than doing it on the list, it
can be converted to use the list.
Also, after the commit 297c5eee37 ("mm: make the vma list be doubly
linked") made the list be doubly linked, there were a couple of code need
to be fixed to construct the list properly.
Patch 1/6 is a preparation. It maintains the list sorted same as the tree
and construct doubly-linked list properly. Patch 2/6 is a simple
optimization for the vma deletion. Patch 3/6 and 4/6 convert tree
traversal to list traversal and the rest are simple fixes and cleanups.
This patch:
@vma added into @mm should be sorted by start addr, end addr and VMA
struct addr in that order because we may get identical VMAs in the @mm.
However this was true only for the rbtree, not for the list.
This patch fixes this by remembering 'rb_prev' during the tree traversal
like find_vma_prepare() does and linking the @vma via __vma_link_list().
After this patch, we can iterate the whole VMAs in correct order simply by
using @mm->mmap list.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: avoid duplicating __vma_link_list()]
Signed-off-by: Namhyung Kim <namhyung@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Greg Ungerer <gerg@uclinux.org>
Cc: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Cc: Paul Mundt <lethal@linux-sh.org>
Cc: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert@linux-m68k.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Avoid merging a VMA with another VMA which is cloned from the parent process.
The cloned VMA shares the anon_vma lock with the parent process's VMA. If
we do the merge, more vmas (even the new range is only for current
process) use the perent process's anon_vma lock. This introduces
scalability issues. find_mergeable_anon_vma() already considers this
case.
Signed-off-by: Shaohua Li <shaohua.li@intel.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <andi@firstfloor.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
If we only change vma->vm_end, we can avoid taking anon_vma lock even if
'insert' isn't NULL, which is the case of split_vma.
As I understand it, we need the lock before because rmap must get the
'insert' VMA when we adjust old VMA's vm_end (the 'insert' VMA is linked
to anon_vma list in __insert_vm_struct before).
But now this isn't true any more. The 'insert' VMA is already linked to
anon_vma list in __split_vma(with anon_vma_clone()) instead of
__insert_vm_struct. There is no race rmap can't get required VMAs. So
the anon_vma lock is unnecessary, and this can reduce one locking in brk
case and improve scalability.
Signed-off-by: Shaohua Li<shaohua.li@intel.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <andi@firstfloor.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Make some variables have correct alignment/section to avoid cache issue.
In a workload which heavily does mmap/munmap, the variables will be used
frequently.
Signed-off-by: Shaohua Li <shaohua.li@intel.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <andi@firstfloor.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Commit a626ca6a65 ("vm: fix vm_pgoff wrap in stack expansion") fixed
the case of an expanding mapping causing vm_pgoff wrapping when you had
downward stack expansion. But there was another case where IA64 and
PA-RISC expand mappings: upward expansion.
This fixes that case too.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: stable@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
5520e89 ("brk: fix min_brk lower bound computation for COMPAT_BRK")
tried to get the whole logic of brk randomization for legacy
(libc5-based) applications finally right.
It turns out that the way to detect whether brk has actually been
randomized in the end or not introduced by that patch still doesn't work
for those binaries, as reported by Geert:
: /sbin/init from my old m68k ramdisk exists prematurely.
:
: Before the patch:
:
: | brk(0x80005c8e) = 0x80006000
:
: After the patch:
:
: | brk(0x80005c8e) = 0x80005c8e
:
: Old libc5 considers brk() to have failed if the return value is not
: identical to the requested value.
I don't like it, but currently see no better option than a bit flag in
task_struct to catch the CONFIG_COMPAT_BRK && randomize_va_space == 2
case.
Signed-off-by: Jiri Kosina <jkosina@suse.cz>
Tested-by: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert@linux-m68k.org>
Reported-by: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert@linux-m68k.org>
Cc: <stable@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Commit 982134ba62 ("mm: avoid wrapping vm_pgoff in mremap()") fixed
the case of a expanding mapping causing vm_pgoff wrapping when you used
mremap. But there was another case where we expand mappings hiding in
plain sight: the automatic stack expansion.
This fixes that case too.
This one also found by Robert Święcki, using his nasty system call
fuzzer tool. Good job.
Reported-and-tested-by: Robert Święcki <robert@swiecki.net>
Cc: stable@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Even if CONFIG_COMPAT_BRK is set in the kernel configuration, it can still
be overriden by randomize_va_space sysctl.
If this is the case, the min_brk computation in sys_brk() implementation
is wrong, as it solely takes into account COMPAT_BRK setting, assuming
that brk start is not randomized. But that might not be the case if
randomize_va_space sysctl has been set to '2' at the time the binary has
been loaded from disk.
In such case, the check has to be done in a same way as in
!CONFIG_COMPAT_BRK case.
In addition to that, the check for the COMPAT_BRK case introduced back in
a5b4592c ("brk: make sys_brk() honor COMPAT_BRK when computing lower
bound") is slightly wrong -- the lower bound shouldn't be mm->end_code,
but mm->end_data instead, as that's where the legacy applications expect
brk section to start (i.e. immediately after last global variable).
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix comment]
Signed-off-by: Jiri Kosina <jkosina@suse.cz>
Cc: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert@linux-m68k.org>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
An huge pmd can only be mapped if the corresponding 2M virtual range is
fully contained in the vma. At times the VM calls split_vma twice, if the
first split_vma succeeds and the second fail, the first split_vma remains
in effect and it's not rolled back. For split_vma or vma_adjust to fail
an allocation failure is needed so it's a very unlikely event (the out of
memory killer would normally fire before any allocation failure is visible
to kernel and userland and if an out of memory condition happens it's
unlikely to happen exactly here). Nevertheless it's safer to ensure that
no huge pmd can be left around if the vma is adjusted in a way that can't
fit hugepages anymore at the new vm_start/vm_end address.
Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
register in khugepaged if the vma grows.
Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The install_special_mapping routine (used, for example, to setup the
vdso) skips the security check before insert_vm_struct, allowing a local
attacker to bypass the mmap_min_addr security restriction by limiting
the available pages for special mappings.
bprm_mm_init() also skips the check, and although I don't think this can
be used to bypass any restrictions, I don't see any reason not to have
the security check.
$ uname -m
x86_64
$ cat /proc/sys/vm/mmap_min_addr
65536
$ cat install_special_mapping.s
section .bss
resb BSS_SIZE
section .text
global _start
_start:
mov eax, __NR_pause
int 0x80
$ nasm -D__NR_pause=29 -DBSS_SIZE=0xfffed000 -f elf -o install_special_mapping.o install_special_mapping.s
$ ld -m elf_i386 -Ttext=0x10000 -Tbss=0x11000 -o install_special_mapping install_special_mapping.o
$ ./install_special_mapping &
[1] 14303
$ cat /proc/14303/maps
0000f000-00010000 r-xp 00000000 00:00 0 [vdso]
00010000-00011000 r-xp 00001000 00:19 2453665 /home/taviso/install_special_mapping
00011000-ffffe000 rwxp 00000000 00:00 0 [stack]
It's worth noting that Red Hat are shipping with mmap_min_addr set to
4096.
Signed-off-by: Tavis Ormandy <taviso@google.com>
Acked-by: Kees Cook <kees@ubuntu.com>
Acked-by: Robert Swiecki <swiecki@google.com>
[ Changed to not drop the error code - akpm ]
Reviewed-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Normal syscall audit doesn't catch 5th argument of syscall. It also
doesn't catch the contents of userland structures pointed to be
syscall argument, so for both old and new mmap(2) ABI it doesn't
record the descriptor we are mapping. For old one it also misses
flags.
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
If __split_vma fails because of an out of memory condition the
anon_vma_chain isn't teardown and freed potentially leading to rmap walks
accessing freed vma information plus there's a memleak.
Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <jweiner@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Marcelo Tosatti <mtosatti@redhat.com>
Cc: <stable@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
pa-risc and ia64 have stacks that grow upwards. Check that
they do not run into other mappings. By making VM_GROWSUP
0x0 on architectures that do not ever use it, we can avoid
some unpleasant #ifdefs in check_stack_guard_page().
Signed-off-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
It's a really simple list, and several of the users want to go backwards
in it to find the previous vma. So rather than have to look up the
previous entry with 'find_vma_prev()' or something similar, just make it
doubly linked instead.
Tested-by: Ian Campbell <ijc@hellion.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
There's no anon-vma related mangling happening inside __vma_link anymore
so no need of anon_vma locking there.
Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Always (and only) lock the root (oldest) anon_vma whenever we do something
in an anon_vma. The recently introduced anon_vma scalability is due to
the rmap code scanning only the VMAs that need to be scanned. Many common
operations still took the anon_vma lock on the root anon_vma, so always
taking that lock is not expected to introduce any scalability issues.
However, always taking the same lock does mean we only need to take one
lock, which means rmap_walk on pages from any anon_vma in the vma is
excluded from occurring during an munmap, expand_stack or other operation
that needs to exclude rmap_walk and similar functions.
Also add the proper locking to vma_adjust.
Signed-off-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Tested-by: Larry Woodman <lwoodman@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Larry Woodman <lwoodman@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Acked-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Subsitute a direct call of spin_lock(anon_vma->lock) with an inline
function doing exactly the same.
This makes it easier to do the substitution to the root anon_vma lock in a
following patch.
We will deal with the handful of special locks (nested, dec_and_lock, etc)
separately.
Signed-off-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Acked-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Tested-by: Larry Woodman <lwoodman@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Larry Woodman <lwoodman@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Rename anon_vma_lock to vma_lock_anon_vma. This matches the naming style
used in page_lock_anon_vma and will come in really handy further down in
this patch series.
Signed-off-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Acked-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Tested-by: Larry Woodman <lwoodman@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Larry Woodman <lwoodman@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Add the capacility to track data mmap()s. This can be used together
with PERF_SAMPLE_ADDR for data profiling.
Signed-off-by: Anton Blanchard <anton@samba.org>
[Updated code for stable perf ABI]
Signed-off-by: Eric B Munson <ebmunson@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@redhat.com>
Cc: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Cc: Mike Galbraith <efault@gmx.de>
Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
LKML-Reference: <1274193049-25997-1-git-send-email-ebmunson@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Check whether the VMA has a vm_ops before calling close, just
like we check vm_ops before calling open a few dozen lines
higher up in the function.
Signed-off-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Reported-by: Dan Carpenter <error27@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
When we move the boundaries between two vma's due to things like
mprotect, we need to make sure that the anon_vma of the pages that got
moved from one vma to another gets properly copied around. And that was
not always the case, in this rather hard-to-follow code sequence.
Clarify the code, and fix it so that it copies the anon_vma from the
right source.
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Tested-by: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de> [ "Yeah, not so much this one either" ]
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This changes the anon_vma reuse case to require that we only reuse
simple anon_vma's - ie the case when the vma only has a single anon_vma
associated with it.
This means that a reuse of an anon_vma from an adjacent vma will always
guarantee that both vma's are associated not only with the same
anon_vma, they will also have the same anon_vma chain (of just a single
entry in this case).
And since anon_vma re-use was the only case where the same anon_vma
might be associated with different chains of anon_vma's, we now have the
case that every vma that shares the same anon_vma will always also have
the same chain. That makes it much easier to think about merging vma's
that share the same anon_vma's: you can always just drop the other
anon_vma chain in anon_vma_merge() since you know that they are always
identical.
This also splits up the function to validate the anon_vma re-use, and
adds a lot of commentary about the possible races.
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Tested-by: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de> [ "That didn't fix it" ]
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Add a generic implementation of the old mmap() syscall, which expects its
argument in a memory block and switch all architectures over to use it.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Cc: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org>
Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Cc: Paul Mundt <lethal@linux-sh.org>
Cc: Jeff Dike <jdike@addtoit.com>
Cc: Hirokazu Takata <takata@linux-m32r.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Reviewed-by: H. Peter Anvin <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Cc: Heiko Carstens <heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com>
Cc: Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com>
Cc: "Luck, Tony" <tony.luck@intel.com>
Cc: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
Cc: Andreas Schwab <schwab@linux-m68k.org>
Acked-by: Jesper Nilsson <jesper.nilsson@axis.com>
Acked-by: Russell King <rmk+kernel@arm.linux.org.uk>
Acked-by: Greg Ungerer <gerg@uclinux.org>
Acked-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
When a VMA is in an inconsistent state during setup or teardown, the worst
that can happen is that the rmap code will not be able to find the page.
The mapping is in the process of being torn down (PTEs just got
invalidated by munmap), or set up (no PTEs have been instantiated yet).
It is also impossible for the rmap code to follow a pointer to an already
freed VMA, because the rmap code holds the anon_vma->lock, which the VMA
teardown code needs to take before the VMA is removed from the anon_vma
chain.
Hence, we should not need the VM_LOCK_RMAP locking at all.
Signed-off-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Larry Woodman <lwoodman@redhat.com>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <Lee.Schermerhorn@hp.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The old anon_vma code can lead to scalability issues with heavily forking
workloads. Specifically, each anon_vma will be shared between the parent
process and all its child processes.
In a workload with 1000 child processes and a VMA with 1000 anonymous
pages per process that get COWed, this leads to a system with a million
anonymous pages in the same anon_vma, each of which is mapped in just one
of the 1000 processes. However, the current rmap code needs to walk them
all, leading to O(N) scanning complexity for each page.
This can result in systems where one CPU is walking the page tables of
1000 processes in page_referenced_one, while all other CPUs are stuck on
the anon_vma lock. This leads to catastrophic failure for a benchmark
like AIM7, where the total number of processes can reach in the tens of
thousands. Real workloads are still a factor 10 less process intensive
than AIM7, but they are catching up.
This patch changes the way anon_vmas and VMAs are linked, which allows us
to associate multiple anon_vmas with a VMA. At fork time, each child
process gets its own anon_vmas, in which its COWed pages will be
instantiated. The parents' anon_vma is also linked to the VMA, because
non-COWed pages could be present in any of the children.
This reduces rmap scanning complexity to O(1) for the pages of the 1000
child processes, with O(N) complexity for at most 1/N pages in the system.
This reduces the average scanning cost in heavily forking workloads from
O(N) to 2.
The only real complexity in this patch stems from the fact that linking a
VMA to anon_vmas now involves memory allocations. This means vma_adjust
can fail, if it needs to attach a VMA to anon_vma structures. This in
turn means error handling needs to be added to the calling functions.
A second source of complexity is that, because there can be multiple
anon_vmas, the anon_vma linking in vma_adjust can no longer be done under
"the" anon_vma lock. To prevent the rmap code from walking up an
incomplete VMA, this patch introduces the VM_LOCK_RMAP VMA flag. This bit
flag uses the same slot as the NOMMU VM_MAPPED_COPY, with an ifdef in mm.h
to make sure it is impossible to compile a kernel that needs both symbolic
values for the same bitflag.
Some test results:
Without the anon_vma changes, when AIM7 hits around 9.7k users (on a test
box with 16GB RAM and not quite enough IO), the system ends up running
>99% in system time, with every CPU on the same anon_vma lock in the
pageout code.
With these changes, AIM7 hits the cross-over point around 29.7k users.
This happens with ~99% IO wait time, there never seems to be any spike in
system time. The anon_vma lock contention appears to be resolved.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: cleanups]
Signed-off-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Larry Woodman <lwoodman@redhat.com>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <Lee.Schermerhorn@hp.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hugh.dickins@tiscali.co.uk>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Make sure compiler won't do weird things with limits. E.g. fetching them
twice may return 2 different values after writable limits are implemented.
I.e. either use rlimit helpers added in
3e10e716ab ("resource: add helpers for
fetching rlimits") or ACCESS_ONCE if not applicable.
Signed-off-by: Jiri Slaby <jslaby@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Currently, mlock_vma_pages_range() only return len or 0. then current
error handling of mmap_region() is meaningless complex.
This patch makes simplify and makes consist with brk() code.
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <lee.schermerhorn@hp.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamewzawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hugh.dickins@tiscali.co.uk>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Move sys_mmap_pgoff() from mm/util.c to mm/mmap.c and mm/nommu.c,
where we'd expect to find such code: especially now that it contains
the MAP_HUGETLB handling. Revert mm/util.c to how it was in 2.6.32.
This patch just ignores MAP_HUGETLB in the nommu case, as in 2.6.32,
whereas 2.6.33-rc2 reported -ENOSYS. Perhaps validate_mmap_request()
should reject it with -EINVAL? Add that later if necessary.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh.dickins@tiscali.co.uk>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Modify the generic mmap() code to keep the cache attribute in
vma->vm_page_prot regardless if writenotify is enabled or not. Without
this patch the cache configuration selected by f_op->mmap() is overwritten
if writenotify is enabled, making it impossible to keep the vma uncached.
Needed by drivers such as drivers/video/sh_mobile_lcdcfb.c which uses
deferred io together with uncached memory.
Signed-off-by: Magnus Damm <damm@opensource.se>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hugh.dickins@tiscali.co.uk>
Cc: Paul Mundt <lethal@linux-sh.org>
Cc: Jaya Kumar <jayakumar.lkml@gmail.com>
Cc: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
On ia64, the following test program exit abnormally, because glibc thread
library called abort().
========================================================
(gdb) bt
#0 0xa000000000010620 in __kernel_syscall_via_break ()
#1 0x20000000003208e0 in raise () from /lib/libc.so.6.1
#2 0x2000000000324090 in abort () from /lib/libc.so.6.1
#3 0x200000000027c3e0 in __deallocate_stack () from /lib/libpthread.so.0
#4 0x200000000027f7c0 in start_thread () from /lib/libpthread.so.0
#5 0x200000000047ef60 in __clone2 () from /lib/libc.so.6.1
========================================================
The fact is, glibc call munmap() when thread exitng time for freeing
stack, and it assume munlock() never fail. However, munmap() often make
vma splitting and it with many mapcount make -ENOMEM.
Oh well, that's crazy, because stack unmapping never increase mapcount.
The maxcount exceeding is only temporary. internal temporary exceeding
shouldn't make ENOMEM.
This patch does it.
test_max_mapcount.c
==================================================================
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<pthread.h>
#include<errno.h>
#include<unistd.h>
#define THREAD_NUM 30000
#define MAL_SIZE (8*1024*1024)
void *wait_thread(void *args)
{
void *addr;
addr = malloc(MAL_SIZE);
sleep(10);
return NULL;
}
void *wait_thread2(void *args)
{
sleep(60);
return NULL;
}
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
int i;
pthread_t thread[THREAD_NUM], th;
int ret, count = 0;
pthread_attr_t attr;
ret = pthread_attr_init(&attr);
if(ret) {
perror("pthread_attr_init");
}
ret = pthread_attr_setdetachstate(&attr, PTHREAD_CREATE_DETACHED);
if(ret) {
perror("pthread_attr_setdetachstate");
}
for (i = 0; i < THREAD_NUM; i++) {
ret = pthread_create(&th, &attr, wait_thread, NULL);
if(ret) {
fprintf(stderr, "[%d] ", count);
perror("pthread_create");
} else {
printf("[%d] create OK.\n", count);
}
count++;
ret = pthread_create(&thread[i], &attr, wait_thread2, NULL);
if(ret) {
fprintf(stderr, "[%d] ", count);
perror("pthread_create");
} else {
printf("[%d] create OK.\n", count);
}
count++;
}
sleep(3600);
return 0;
}
==================================================================
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: coding-style fixes]
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh.dickins@tiscali.co.uk>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Based on discussions on LKML and LSM, where there are consecutive
security_ and ima_ calls in the vfs layer, move the ima_ calls to
the existing security_ hooks.
Signed-off-by: Mimi Zohar <zohar@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
* mark struct vm_area_struct::vm_ops as const
* mark vm_ops in AGP code
But leave TTM code alone, something is fishy there with global vm_ops
being used.
Signed-off-by: Alexey Dobriyan <adobriyan@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Add a flag for mmap that will be used to request a huge page region that
will look like anonymous memory to userspace. This is accomplished by
using a file on the internal vfsmount. MAP_HUGETLB is a modifier of
MAP_ANONYMOUS and so must be specified with it. The region will behave
the same as a MAP_ANONYMOUS region using small pages.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix arch definitions of MAP_HUGETLB]
Signed-off-by: Eric B Munson <ebmunson@us.ibm.com>
Acked-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Adam Litke <agl@us.ibm.com>
Cc: David Gibson <david@gibson.dropbear.id.au>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <lee.schermerhorn@hp.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hugh.dickins@tiscali.co.uk>
Cc: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
shmem_zero_setup() does not change vm_start, pgoff or vm_flags, only some
drivers change them (such as /driver/video/bfin-t350mcqb-fb.c).
Move these codes to a more proper place to save cycles for shared
anonymous mapping.
Signed-off-by: Huang Shijie <shijie8@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh.dickins@tiscali.co.uk>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
We noticed very erratic behavior [throughput] with the AIM7 shared
workload running on recent distro [SLES11] and mainline kernels on an
8-socket, 32-core, 256GB x86_64 platform. On the SLES11 kernel
[2.6.27.19+] with Barcelona processors, as we increased the load [10s of
thousands of tasks], the throughput would vary between two "plateaus"--one
at ~65K jobs per minute and one at ~130K jpm. The simple patch below
causes the results to smooth out at the ~130k plateau.
But wait, there's more:
We do not see this behavior on smaller platforms--e.g., 4 socket/8 core.
This could be the result of the larger number of cpus on the larger
platform--a scalability issue--or it could be the result of the larger
number of interconnect "hops" between some nodes in this platform and how
the tasks for a given load end up distributed over the nodes' cpus and
memories--a stochastic NUMA effect.
The variability in the results are less pronounced [on the same platform]
with Shanghai processors and with mainline kernels. With 31-rc6 on
Shanghai processors and 288 file systems on 288 fibre attached storage
volumes, the curves [jpm vs load] are both quite flat with the patched
kernel consistently producing ~3.9% better throughput [~80K jpm vs ~77K
jpm] than the unpatched kernel.
Profiling indicated that the "slow" runs were incurring high[er]
contention on an anon_vma lock in vma_adjust(), apparently called from the
sbrk() system call.
The patch:
A comment in mm/mmap.c:vma_adjust() suggests that we don't really need the
anon_vma lock when we're only adjusting the end of a vma, as is the case
for brk(). The comment questions whether it's worth while to optimize for
this case. Apparently, on the newer, larger x86_64 platforms, with
interesting NUMA topologies, it is worth while--especially considering
that the patch [if correct!] is quite simple.
We can detect this condition--no overlap with next vma--by noting a NULL
"importer". The anon_vma pointer will also be NULL in this case, so
simply avoid loading vma->anon_vma to avoid the lock.
However, we DO need to take the anon_vma lock when we're inserting a vma
['insert' non-NULL] even when we have no overlap [NULL "importer"], so we
need to check for 'insert', as well. And Hugh points out that we should
also take it when adjusting vm_start (so that rmap.c can rely upon
vma_address() while it holds the anon_vma lock).
akpm: Zhang Yanmin reprts a 150% throughput improvement with aim7, so it
might be -stable material even though thiss isn't a regression: "this
issue is not clear on dual socket Nehalem machine (2*4*2 cpu), but is
severe on large machine (4*8*2 cpu)"
[hugh.dickins@tiscali.co.uk: test vma start too]
Signed-off-by: Lee Schermerhorn <lee.schermerhorn@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh.dickins@tiscali.co.uk>
Cc: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Cc: Eric Whitney <eric.whitney@hp.com>
Tested-by: "Zhang, Yanmin" <yanmin_zhang@linux.intel.com>
Cc: <stable@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
If (flags & MAP_LOCKED) is true, it means vm_flags has already contained
the bit VM_LOCKED which is set by calc_vm_flag_bits().
So there is no need to reset it again, just remove it.
Signed-off-by: Huang Shijie <shijie8@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh.dickins@tiscali.co.uk>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
A few cleanups, given the munlock fix: the comment on ksm_test_exit() no
longer applies, and it can be made private to ksm.c; there's no more
reference to mmu_gather or tlb.h, and mmap.c doesn't need ksm.h.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh.dickins@tiscali.co.uk>
Acked-by: Izik Eidus <ieidus@redhat.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
KSM originally stood for Kernel Shared Memory: but the kernel has long
supported shared memory, and VM_SHARED and VM_MAYSHARE vmas, and KSM is
something else. So we switched to saying "merge" instead of "share".
But Chris Wright points out that this is confusing where mmap.c merges
adjacent vmas: most especially in the name VM_MERGEABLE_FLAGS, used by
is_mergeable_vma() to let vmas be merged despite flags being different.
Call it VMA_MERGE_DESPITE_FLAGS? Perhaps, but at present it consists
only of VM_CAN_NONLINEAR: so for now it's clearer on all sides to use
that directly, with a comment on it in is_mergeable_vma().
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh.dickins@tiscali.co.uk>
Acked-by: Izik Eidus <ieidus@redhat.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Rawhide users have reported hang at startup when cryptsetup is run: the
same problem can be simply reproduced by running a program int main() {
mlockall(MCL_CURRENT | MCL_FUTURE); return 0; }
The problem is that exit_mmap() applies munlock_vma_pages_all() to
clean up VM_LOCKED areas, and its current implementation (stupidly)
tries to fault in absent pages, for example where PROT_NONE prevented
them being faulted in when mlocking. Whereas the "ksm: fix oom
deadlock" patch, knowing there's a race by which KSM might try to fault
in pages after exit_mmap() had finally zapped the range, backs out of
such faults doing nothing when its ksm_test_exit() notices mm_users 0.
So revert that part of "ksm: fix oom deadlock" which moved the
ksm_exit() call from before exit_mmap() to the middle of exit_mmap();
and remove those ksm_test_exit() checks from the page fault paths, so
allowing the munlocking to proceed without interference.
ksm_exit, if there are rmap_items still chained on this mm slot, takes
mmap_sem write side: so preventing KSM from working on an mm while
exit_mmap runs. And KSM will bail out as soon as it notices that
mm_users is already zero, thanks to its internal ksm_test_exit checks.
So that when a task is killed by OOM killer or the user, KSM will not
indefinitely prevent it from running exit_mmap to release its memory.
This does break a part of what "ksm: fix oom deadlock" was trying to
achieve. When unmerging KSM (echo 2 >/sys/kernel/mm/ksm), and even
when ksmd itself has to cancel a KSM page, it is possible that the
first OOM-kill victim would be the KSM process being faulted: then its
memory won't be freed until a second victim has been selected (freeing
memory for the unmerging fault to complete).
But the OOM killer is already liable to kill a second victim once the
intended victim's p->mm goes to NULL: so there's not much point in
rejecting this KSM patch before fixing that OOM behaviour. It is very
much more important to allow KSM users to boot up, than to haggle over
an unlikely and poorly supported OOM case.
We also intend to fix munlocking to not fault pages: at which point
this patch _could_ be reverted; though that would be controversial, so
we hope to find a better solution.
Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Justin M. Forbes <jforbes@redhat.com>
Acked-for-now-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh.dickins@tiscali.co.uk>
Cc: Izik Eidus <ieidus@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
There's a now-obvious deadlock in KSM's out-of-memory handling:
imagine ksmd or KSM_RUN_UNMERGE handling, holding ksm_thread_mutex,
trying to allocate a page to break KSM in an mm which becomes the
OOM victim (quite likely in the unmerge case): it's killed and goes
to exit, and hangs there waiting to acquire ksm_thread_mutex.
Clearly we must not require ksm_thread_mutex in __ksm_exit, simple
though that made everything else: perhaps use mmap_sem somehow?
And part of the answer lies in the comments on unmerge_ksm_pages:
__ksm_exit should also leave all the rmap_item removal to ksmd.
But there's a fundamental problem, that KSM relies upon mmap_sem to
guarantee the consistency of the mm it's dealing with, yet exit_mmap
tears down an mm without taking mmap_sem. And bumping mm_users won't
help at all, that just ensures that the pages the OOM killer assumes
are on their way to being freed will not be freed.
The best answer seems to be, to move the ksm_exit callout from just
before exit_mmap, to the middle of exit_mmap: after the mm's pages
have been freed (if the mmu_gather is flushed), but before its page
tables and vma structures have been freed; and down_write,up_write
mmap_sem there to serialize with KSM's own reliance on mmap_sem.
But KSM then needs to be careful, whenever it downs mmap_sem, to
check that the mm is not already exiting: there's a danger of using
find_vma on a layout that's being torn apart, or writing into page
tables which have been freed for reuse; and even do_anonymous_page
and __do_fault need to check they're not being called by break_ksm
to reinstate a pte after zap_pte_range has zapped that page table.
Though it might be clearer to add an exiting flag, set while holding
mmap_sem in __ksm_exit, that wouldn't cover the issue of reinstating
a zapped pte. All we need is to check whether mm_users is 0 - but
must remember that ksmd may detect that before __ksm_exit is reached.
So, ksm_test_exit(mm) added to comment such checks on mm->mm_users.
__ksm_exit now has to leave clearing up the rmap_items to ksmd,
that needs ksm_thread_mutex; but shift the exiting mm just after the
ksm_scan cursor so that it will soon be dealt with. __ksm_enter raise
mm_count to hold the mm_struct, ksmd's exit processing (exactly like
its processing when it finds all VM_MERGEABLEs unmapped) mmdrop it,
similar procedure for KSM_RUN_UNMERGE (which has stopped ksmd).
But also give __ksm_exit a fast path: when there's no complication
(no rmap_items attached to mm and it's not at the ksm_scan cursor),
it can safely do all the exiting work itself. This is not just an
optimization: when ksmd is not running, the raised mm_count would
otherwise leak mm_structs.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh.dickins@tiscali.co.uk>
Acked-by: Izik Eidus <ieidus@redhat.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Bye-bye Performance Counters, welcome Performance Events!
In the past few months the perfcounters subsystem has grown out its
initial role of counting hardware events, and has become (and is
becoming) a much broader generic event enumeration, reporting, logging,
monitoring, analysis facility.
Naming its core object 'perf_counter' and naming the subsystem
'perfcounters' has become more and more of a misnomer. With pending
code like hw-breakpoints support the 'counter' name is less and
less appropriate.
All in one, we've decided to rename the subsystem to 'performance
events' and to propagate this rename through all fields, variables
and API names. (in an ABI compatible fashion)
The word 'event' is also a bit shorter than 'counter' - which makes
it slightly more convenient to write/handle as well.
Thanks goes to Stephane Eranian who first observed this misnomer and
suggested a rename.
User-space tooling and ABI compatibility is not affected - this patch
should be function-invariant. (Also, defconfigs were not touched to
keep the size down.)
This patch has been generated via the following script:
FILES=$(find * -type f | grep -vE 'oprofile|[^K]config')
sed -i \
-e 's/PERF_EVENT_/PERF_RECORD_/g' \
-e 's/PERF_COUNTER/PERF_EVENT/g' \
-e 's/perf_counter/perf_event/g' \
-e 's/nb_counters/nb_events/g' \
-e 's/swcounter/swevent/g' \
-e 's/tpcounter_event/tp_event/g' \
$FILES
for N in $(find . -name perf_counter.[ch]); do
M=$(echo $N | sed 's/perf_counter/perf_event/g')
mv $N $M
done
FILES=$(find . -name perf_event.*)
sed -i \
-e 's/COUNTER_MASK/REG_MASK/g' \
-e 's/COUNTER/EVENT/g' \
-e 's/\<event\>/event_id/g' \
-e 's/counter/event/g' \
-e 's/Counter/Event/g' \
$FILES
... to keep it as correct as possible. This script can also be
used by anyone who has pending perfcounters patches - it converts
a Linux kernel tree over to the new naming. We tried to time this
change to the point in time where the amount of pending patches
is the smallest: the end of the merge window.
Namespace clashes were fixed up in a preparatory patch - and some
stylistic fallout will be fixed up in a subsequent patch.
( NOTE: 'counters' are still the proper terminology when we deal
with hardware registers - and these sed scripts are a bit
over-eager in renaming them. I've undone some of that, but
in case there's something left where 'counter' would be
better than 'event' we can undo that on an individual basis
instead of touching an otherwise nicely automated patch. )
Suggested-by: Stephane Eranian <eranian@google.com>
Acked-by: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Acked-by: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Reviewed-by: Arjan van de Ven <arjan@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Mike Galbraith <efault@gmx.de>
Cc: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@redhat.com>
Cc: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com>
Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Cc: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Cc: Kyle McMartin <kyle@mcmartin.ca>
Cc: Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com>
Cc: "David S. Miller" <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: <linux-arch@vger.kernel.org>
LKML-Reference: <new-submission>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
'current' is a pointer, so the right form is 'down_write(¤t->mm->mmap_sem)'.
Signed-off-by: Jianjun Kong <jianjun@zeuux.org>
Signed-off-by: Randy Dunlap <randy.dunlap@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Currently SELinux enforcement of controls on the ability to map low memory
is determined by the mmap_min_addr tunable. This patch causes SELinux to
ignore the tunable and instead use a seperate Kconfig option specific to how
much space the LSM should protect.
The tunable will now only control the need for CAP_SYS_RAWIO and SELinux
permissions will always protect the amount of low memory designated by
CONFIG_LSM_MMAP_MIN_ADDR.
This allows users who need to disable the mmap_min_addr controls (usual reason
being they run WINE as a non-root user) to do so and still have SELinux
controls preventing confined domains (like a web server) from being able to
map some area of low memory.
Signed-off-by: Eric Paris <eparis@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
* 'perfcounters-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/linux-2.6-tip: (574 commits)
perf_counter: Turn off by default
perf_counter: Add counter->id to the throttle event
perf_counter: Better align code
perf_counter: Rename L2 to LL cache
perf_counter: Standardize event names
perf_counter: Rename enums
perf_counter tools: Clean up u64 usage
perf_counter: Rename perf_counter_limit sysctl
perf_counter: More paranoia settings
perf_counter: powerpc: Implement generalized cache events for POWER processors
perf_counters: powerpc: Add support for POWER7 processors
perf_counter: Accurate period data
perf_counter: Introduce struct for sample data
perf_counter tools: Normalize data using per sample period data
perf_counter: Annotate exit ctx recursion
perf_counter tools: Propagate signals properly
perf_counter tools: Small frequency related fixes
perf_counter: More aggressive frequency adjustment
perf_counter/x86: Fix the model number of Intel Core2 processors
perf_counter, x86: Correct some event and umask values for Intel processors
...
In order to track the vdso also generate mmap events for
install_special_mapping().
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Mike Galbraith <efault@gmx.de>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Cc: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@redhat.com>
LKML-Reference: <new-submission>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
In name of keeping it simple, only track mmap events. Userspace
will have to remove old overlapping maps when it encounters them.
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Mike Galbraith <efault@gmx.de>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Cc: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@redhat.com>
LKML-Reference: <new-submission>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
This patch removes the dependency of mmap_min_addr on CONFIG_SECURITY.
It also sets a default mmap_min_addr of 4096.
mmapping of addresses below 4096 will only be possible for processes
with CAP_SYS_RAWIO.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Acked-by: Eric Paris <eparis@redhat.com>
Looks-ok-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
The Committed_AS field can underflow in certain situations:
> # while true; do cat /proc/meminfo | grep _AS; sleep 1; done | uniq -c
> 1 Committed_AS: 18446744073709323392 kB
> 11 Committed_AS: 18446744073709455488 kB
> 6 Committed_AS: 35136 kB
> 5 Committed_AS: 18446744073709454400 kB
> 7 Committed_AS: 35904 kB
> 3 Committed_AS: 18446744073709453248 kB
> 2 Committed_AS: 34752 kB
> 9 Committed_AS: 18446744073709453248 kB
> 8 Committed_AS: 34752 kB
> 3 Committed_AS: 18446744073709320960 kB
> 7 Committed_AS: 18446744073709454080 kB
> 3 Committed_AS: 18446744073709320960 kB
> 5 Committed_AS: 18446744073709454080 kB
> 6 Committed_AS: 18446744073709320960 kB
Because NR_CPUS can be greater than 1000 and meminfo_proc_show() does
not check for underflow.
But NR_CPUS proportional isn't good calculation. In general,
possibility of lock contention is proportional to the number of online
cpus, not theorical maximum cpus (NR_CPUS).
The current kernel has generic percpu-counter stuff. using it is right
way. it makes code simplify and percpu_counter_read_positive() don't
make underflow issue.
Reported-by: Dave Hansen <dave@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Eric B Munson <ebmunson@us.ibm.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: <stable@kernel.org> [All kernel versions]
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Tetsuo Handa reports seeing the WARN_ON(current->mm == NULL) in
security_vm_enough_memory(), when do_execve() is touching the
target mm's stack, to set up its args and environment.
Yes, a UMH_NO_WAIT or UMH_WAIT_PROC call_usermodehelper() spawns
an mm-less kernel thread to do the exec. And in any case, that
vm_enough_memory check when growing stack ought to be done on the
target mm, not on the execer's mm (though apart from the warning,
it only makes a slight tweak to OVERCOMMIT_NEVER behaviour).
Reported-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@i-love.sakura.ne.jp>
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: stable@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Currently the profiling information returns userspace IPs but no way
to correlate them to userspace code. Userspace could look into
/proc/$pid/maps but that might not be current or even present anymore
at the time of analyzing the IPs.
Therefore provide means to track the mmap information and provide it
in the output stream.
XXX: only covers mmap()/munmap(), mremap() and mprotect() are missing.
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Acked-by: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Orig-LKML-Reference: <20090330171023.417259499@chello.nl>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Fix a number of issues with the per-MM VMA patch:
(1) Make mmap_pages_allocated an atomic_long_t, just in case this is used on
a NOMMU system with more than 2G pages. Makes no difference on a 32-bit
system.
(2) Report vma->vm_pgoff * PAGE_SIZE as a 64-bit value, not a 32-bit value,
lest it overflow.
(3) Move the allocation of the vm_area_struct slab back for fork.c.
(4) Use KMEM_CACHE() for both vm_area_struct and vm_region slabs.
(5) Use BUG_ON() rather than if () BUG().
(6) Make the default validate_nommu_regions() a static inline rather than a
#define.
(7) Make free_page_series()'s objection to pages with a refcount != 1 more
informative.
(8) Adjust the __put_nommu_region() banner comment to indicate that the
semaphore must be held for writing.
(9) Limit the number of warnings about munmaps of non-mmapped regions.
Reported-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Cc: Greg Ungerer <gerg@snapgear.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Christophe Saout reported [in precursor to:
http://marc.info/?l=linux-kernel&m=123209902707347&w=4]:
> Note that I also some a different issue with CONFIG_UNEVICTABLE_LRU.
> Seems like Xen tears down current->mm early on process termination, so
> that __get_user_pages in exit_mmap causes nasty messages when the
> process had any mlocked pages. (in fact, it somehow manages to get into
> the swapping code and produces a null pointer dereference trying to get
> a swap token)
Jeremy explained:
Yes. In the normal case under Xen, an in-use pagetable is "pinned",
meaning that it is RO to the kernel, and all updates must go via hypercall
(or writes are trapped and emulated, which is much the same thing). An
unpinned pagetable is not currently in use by any process, and can be
directly accessed as normal RW pages.
As an optimisation at process exit time, we unpin the pagetable as early
as possible (switching the process to init_mm), so that all the normal
pagetable teardown can happen with direct memory accesses.
This happens in exit_mmap() -> arch_exit_mmap(). The munlocking happens
a few lines below. The obvious thing to do would be to move
arch_exit_mmap() to below the munlock code, but I think we'd want to
call it even if mm->mmap is NULL, just to be on the safe side.
Thus, this patch:
exit_mmap() needs to unlock any locked vmas before calling arch_exit_mmap,
as the latter may switch the current mm to init_mm, which would cause the
former to fail.
Signed-off-by: Jeremy Fitzhardinge <jeremy.fitzhardinge@citrix.com>
Signed-off-by: Lee Schermerhorn <lee.schermerhorn@hp.com>
Cc: Christophe Saout <christophe@saout.de>
Cc: Keir Fraser <keir.fraser@eu.citrix.com>
Cc: Christophe Saout <christophe@saout.de>
Cc: Alex Williamson <alex.williamson@hp.com>
Cc: <stable@kernel.org> [2.6.28.x]
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
When overcommit is disabled, the core VM accounts for pages used by anonymous
shared, private mappings and special mappings. It keeps track of VMAs that
should be accounted for with VM_ACCOUNT and VMAs that never had a reserve
with VM_NORESERVE.
Overcommit for hugetlbfs is much riskier than overcommit for base pages
due to contiguity requirements. It avoids overcommiting on both shared and
private mappings using reservation counters that are checked and updated
during mmap(). This ensures (within limits) that hugepages exist in the
future when faults occurs or it is too easy to applications to be SIGKILLed.
As hugetlbfs makes its own reservations of a different unit to the base page
size, VM_ACCOUNT should never be set. Even if the units were correct, we would
double account for the usage in the core VM and hugetlbfs. VM_NORESERVE may
be set because an application can request no reserves be made for hugetlbfs
at the risk of getting killed later.
With commit fc8744adc8, VM_NORESERVE and
VM_ACCOUNT are getting unconditionally set for hugetlbfs-backed mappings. This
breaks the accounting for both the core VM and hugetlbfs, can trigger an
OOM storm when hugepage pools are too small lockups and corrupted counters
otherwise are used. This patch brings hugetlbfs more in line with how the
core VM treats VM_NORESERVE but prevents VM_ACCOUNT being set.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This patch replaces the generic integrity hooks, for which IMA registered
itself, with IMA integrity hooks in the appropriate places directly
in the fs directory.
Signed-off-by: Mimi Zohar <zohar@us.ibm.com>
Acked-by: Serge Hallyn <serue@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
The mmap_region() code would temporarily set the VM_ACCOUNT flag for
anonymous shared mappings just to inform shmem_zero_setup() that it
should enable accounting for the resulting shm object. It would then
clear the flag after calling ->mmap (for the /dev/zero case) or doing
shmem_zero_setup() (for the MAP_ANON case).
This just resulted in vma merge issues, but also made for just
unnecessary confusion. Use the already-existing VM_NORESERVE flag for
this instead, and let shmem_{zero|file}_setup() just figure it out from
that.
This also happens to make it obvious that the new DRI2 GEM layer uses a
non-reserving backing store for its object allocation - which is quite
possibly not intentional. But since I didn't want to change semantics
in this patch, I left it alone, and just updated the caller to use the
new flag semantics.
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Commit de33c8db59 ("Fix OOPS in
mmap_region() when merging adjacent VM_LOCKED file segments") unified
the vma merging of anonymous and file maps to just one place, which
simplified the code and fixed a use-after-free bug that could cause an
oops.
But by doing the merge opportunistically before even having called
->mmap() on the file method, it now compares two different 'vm_flags'
values: the pre-mmap() value of the new not-yet-formed vma, and previous
mappings of the same file around it.
And in doing so, it refused to merge the common file case, which adds a
marker to say "I can be made non-linear".
This fixes it by just adding a set of flags that don't have to match,
because we know they are ok to merge. Currently it's only that single
VM_CAN_NONLINEAR flag, but at least conceptually there could be others
in the future.
Reported-and-acked-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <Lee.Schermerhorn@hp.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Greg KH <gregkh@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
As of commit ba470de431 ("map: handle
mlocked pages during map, remap, unmap") we now use the 'vma' variable
at the end of mmap_region() to handle the page-in of newly mapped
mlocked pages.
However, if we merged adjacent vma's together, the vma we're using may
be stale. We historically consciously avoided using it after the merge
operation, but that got overlooked when redoing the locked page
handling.
This commit simplifies mmap_region() by doing any vma merges early,
avoiding the issue entirely, and 'vma' will always be valid. As pointed
out by Hugh Dickins, this depends on any drivers that change the page
offset of flags to have set one of the VM_SPECIAL bits (so that they
cannot trigger the early merge logic), but that's true in general.
Reported-and-tested-by: Maksim Yevmenkin <maksim.yevmenkin@gmail.com>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <Lee.Schermerhorn@hp.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Convert all system calls to return a long. This should be a NOP since all
converted types should have the same size anyway.
With the exception of sys_exit_group which returned void. But that doesn't
matter since the system call doesn't return.
Signed-off-by: Heiko Carstens <heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com>
Make VMAs per mm_struct as for MMU-mode linux. This solves two problems:
(1) In SYSV SHM where nattch for a segment does not reflect the number of
shmat's (and forks) done.
(2) In mmap() where the VMA's vm_mm is set to point to the parent mm by an
exec'ing process when VM_EXECUTABLE is specified, regardless of the fact
that a VMA might be shared and already have its vm_mm assigned to another
process or a dead process.
A new struct (vm_region) is introduced to track a mapped region and to remember
the circumstances under which it may be shared and the vm_list_struct structure
is discarded as it's no longer required.
This patch makes the following additional changes:
(1) Regions are now allocated with alloc_pages() rather than kmalloc() and
with no recourse to __GFP_COMP, so the pages are not composite. Instead,
each page has a reference on it held by the region. Anything else that is
interested in such a page will have to get a reference on it to retain it.
When the pages are released due to unmapping, each page is passed to
put_page() and will be freed when the page usage count reaches zero.
(2) Excess pages are trimmed after an allocation as the allocation must be
made as a power-of-2 quantity of pages.
(3) VMAs are added to the parent MM's R/B tree and mmap lists. As an MM may
end up with overlapping VMAs within the tree, the VMA struct address is
appended to the sort key.
(4) Non-anonymous VMAs are now added to the backing inode's prio list.
(5) Holes may be punched in anonymous VMAs with munmap(), releasing parts of
the backing region. The VMA and region structs will be split if
necessary.
(6) sys_shmdt() only releases one attachment to a SYSV IPC shared memory
segment instead of all the attachments at that addresss. Multiple
shmat()'s return the same address under NOMMU-mode instead of different
virtual addresses as under MMU-mode.
(7) Core dumping for ELF-FDPIC requires fewer exceptions for NOMMU-mode.
(8) /proc/maps is now the global list of mapped regions, and may list bits
that aren't actually mapped anywhere.
(9) /proc/meminfo gains a line (tagged "MmapCopy") that indicates the amount
of RAM currently allocated by mmap to hold mappable regions that can't be
mapped directly. These are copies of the backing device or file if not
anonymous.
These changes make NOMMU mode more similar to MMU mode. The downside is that
NOMMU mode requires some extra memory to track things over NOMMU without this
patch (VMAs are no longer shared, and there are now region structs).
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Tested-by: Mike Frysinger <vapier.adi@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Paul Mundt <lethal@linux-sh.org>
When dup_mmap() ooms we can end up with mm->mmap == NULL. The error
path does mmput() and unmap_vmas() gets a NULL vma which it
dereferences.
In exit_mmap() there is nothing to do at all for this case, we can
cancel the callpath right there.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: add sorely-needed comment]
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Reported-by: Akinobu Mita <akinobu.mita@gmail.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
xacct_add_tsk() relies on do_exit()->update_hiwater_xxx() and uses
mm->hiwater_xxx directly, this leads to 2 problems:
- taskstats_user_cmd() can call fill_pid()->xacct_add_tsk() at any
moment before the task exits, so we should check the current values of
rss/vm anyway.
- do_exit()->update_hiwater_xxx() calls are racy. An exiting thread can
be preempted right before mm->hiwater_xxx = new_val, and another thread
can use A_LOT of memory and exit in between. When the first thread
resumes it can be the last thread in the thread group, in that case we
report the wrong hiwater_xxx values which do not take A_LOT into
account.
Introduce get_mm_hiwater_rss() and get_mm_hiwater_vm() helpers and change
xacct_add_tsk() to use them. The first helper will also be used by
rusage->ru_maxrss accounting.
Kill do_exit()->update_hiwater_xxx() calls. Unless we are going to
decrease rss/vm there is no point to update mm->hiwater_xxx, and nobody
can look at this mm_struct when exit_mmap() actually unmaps the memory.
Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Reviewed-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: Balbir Singh <balbir@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Fix a little of the coding style in mm/mmap.c
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: cleanup]
Signed-off-by: ZhenwenXu <helight.xu@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The STACK_GROWSUP case of stack expansion was missing a test for 'prev',
which got removed by commit cb8f488c33
("mmap.c: deinline a few functions") by mistake.
I found my original email in "sent" folder. The patch in that mail
does NOT remove !prev. That change had beed added by someone else.
Ok, I think we are not much interested in who did it, let's
fix it for good.
[ "It looks like this was caused by me fixing rejects. That was the
fancy include-lots-of-context-so-it-wont-apply patch." - akpm ]
Reported-and-bisected-by: Helge Deller <deller@gmx.de>
Signed-off-by: Denys Vlasenko <vda.linux@googlemail.com>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Jiri Kosina <jkosina@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Junjiro R. Okajima reported a problem where knfsd crashes if you are
using it to export shmemfs objects and run strict overcommit. In this
situation the current->mm based modifier to the overcommit goes through a
NULL pointer.
We could simply check for NULL and skip the modifier but we've caught
other real bugs in the past from mm being NULL here - cases where we did
need a valid mm set up (eg the exec bug about a year ago).
To preserve the checks and get the logic we want shuffle the checking
around and add a new helper to the vm_ security wrappers
Also fix a current->mm reference in nommu that should use the passed mm
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: coding-style fixes]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix build]
Reported-by: Junjiro R. Okajima <hooanon05@yahoo.co.jp>
Acked-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
Signed-off-by: Alan Cox <alan@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
__vma_link_file and expand_downwards functions are not small, yeat they
are marked inline. They probably had one callsite sometime in the past,
but now they have more. In order to prevent similar thing, I also
deinlined expand_upwards, despite it having only pne callsite. Nowadays
gcc auto-inlines such static functions anyway. In find_extend_vma, I
removed one extra level of indirection.
Patch is deliberately generated with -U $BIGNUM to make
it easier to see that functions are big.
Result:
# size */*/mmap.o */vmlinux
text data bss dec hex filename
9514 188 16 9718 25f6 0.org/mm/mmap.o
9237 188 16 9441 24e1 deinline/mm/mmap.o
6124402 858996 389480 7372878 70804e 0.org/vmlinux
6124113 858996 389480 7372589 707f2d deinline/vmlinux
Signed-off-by: Denys Vlasenko <vda.linux@googlemail.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Originally by Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Remove mlocked pages from the LRU using "unevictable infrastructure"
during mmap(), munmap(), mremap() and truncate(). Try to move back to
normal LRU lists on munmap() when last mlocked mapping removed. Remove
PageMlocked() status when page truncated from file.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: cleanup]
[kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com: fix double unlock_page()]
[kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com: split LRU: munlock rework]
[lee.schermerhorn@hp.com: mlock: fix __mlock_vma_pages_range comment block]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: remove bogus kerneldoc token]
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Lee Schermerhorn <lee.schermerhorn@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamewzawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Make sure that mlocked pages also live on the unevictable LRU, so kswapd
will not scan them over and over again.
This is achieved through various strategies:
1) add yet another page flag--PG_mlocked--to indicate that
the page is locked for efficient testing in vmscan and,
optionally, fault path. This allows early culling of
unevictable pages, preventing them from getting to
page_referenced()/try_to_unmap(). Also allows separate
accounting of mlock'd pages, as Nick's original patch
did.
Note: Nick's original mlock patch used a PG_mlocked
flag. I had removed this in favor of the PG_unevictable
flag + an mlock_count [new page struct member]. I
restored the PG_mlocked flag to eliminate the new
count field.
2) add the mlock/unevictable infrastructure to mm/mlock.c,
with internal APIs in mm/internal.h. This is a rework
of Nick's original patch to these files, taking into
account that mlocked pages are now kept on unevictable
LRU list.
3) update vmscan.c:page_evictable() to check PageMlocked()
and, if vma passed in, the vm_flags. Note that the vma
will only be passed in for new pages in the fault path;
and then only if the "cull unevictable pages in fault
path" patch is included.
4) add try_to_unlock() to rmap.c to walk a page's rmap and
ClearPageMlocked() if no other vmas have it mlocked.
Reuses as much of try_to_unmap() as possible. This
effectively replaces the use of one of the lru list links
as an mlock count. If this mechanism let's pages in mlocked
vmas leak through w/o PG_mlocked set [I don't know that it
does], we should catch them later in try_to_unmap(). One
hopes this will be rare, as it will be relatively expensive.
Original mm/internal.h, mm/rmap.c and mm/mlock.c changes:
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
splitlru: introduce __get_user_pages():
New munlock processing need to GUP_FLAGS_IGNORE_VMA_PERMISSIONS.
because current get_user_pages() can't grab PROT_NONE pages theresore it
cause PROT_NONE pages can't munlock.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix this for pagemap-pass-mm-into-pagewalkers.patch]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: untangle patch interdependencies]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix things after out-of-order merging]
[hugh@veritas.com: fix page-flags mess]
[lee.schermerhorn@hp.com: fix munlock page table walk - now requires 'mm']
[kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com: build fix]
[kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com: fix truncate race and sevaral comments]
[kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com: splitlru: introduce __get_user_pages()]
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Lee Schermerhorn <lee.schermerhorn@hp.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Matt Mackall <mpm@selenic.com>
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The nesting is correct due to holding mmap_sem, use the new annotation
to annotate this.
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
gcc 4.3.0 correctly emits the following warnings.
When a vma covering addr is found, find_vma_prepare indeed returns without
setting pprev, rb_link, and rb_parent.
mm/mmap.c: In function `insert_vm_struct':
mm/mmap.c:2085: warning: `rb_parent' may be used uninitialized in this function
mm/mmap.c:2085: warning: `rb_link' may be used uninitialized in this function
mm/mmap.c:2084: warning: `prev' may be used uninitialized in this function
mm/mmap.c: In function `copy_vma':
mm/mmap.c:2124: warning: `rb_parent' may be used uninitialized in this function
mm/mmap.c:2124: warning: `rb_link' may be used uninitialized in this function
mm/mmap.c:2123: warning: `prev' may be used uninitialized in this function
mm/mmap.c: In function `do_brk':
mm/mmap.c:1951: warning: `rb_parent' may be used uninitialized in this function
mm/mmap.c:1951: warning: `rb_link' may be used uninitialized in this function
mm/mmap.c:1949: warning: `prev' may be used uninitialized in this function
mm/mmap.c: In function `mmap_region':
mm/mmap.c:1092: warning: `rb_parent' may be used uninitialized in this function
mm/mmap.c:1092: warning: `rb_link' may be used uninitialized in this function
mm/mmap.c:1089: warning: `prev' may be used uninitialized in this function
Hugh adds: in fact, none of find_vma_prepare's callers use those values
when a vma is found to be already covering addr, it's either an error or
an occasion to munmap and repeat. Okay, let's quieten the compiler (but I
would prefer it if pprev, rb_link and rb_parent were meaningful in that
case, rather than whatever's in them from descending the tree).
Signed-off-by: Benny Halevy <bhalevy@panasas.com>
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: "Ryan Hope" <rmh3093@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
With KVM/GFP/XPMEM there isn't just the primary CPU MMU pointing to pages.
There are secondary MMUs (with secondary sptes and secondary tlbs) too.
sptes in the kvm case are shadow pagetables, but when I say spte in
mmu-notifier context, I mean "secondary pte". In GRU case there's no
actual secondary pte and there's only a secondary tlb because the GRU
secondary MMU has no knowledge about sptes and every secondary tlb miss
event in the MMU always generates a page fault that has to be resolved by
the CPU (this is not the case of KVM where the a secondary tlb miss will
walk sptes in hardware and it will refill the secondary tlb transparently
to software if the corresponding spte is present). The same way
zap_page_range has to invalidate the pte before freeing the page, the spte
(and secondary tlb) must also be invalidated before any page is freed and
reused.
Currently we take a page_count pin on every page mapped by sptes, but that
means the pages can't be swapped whenever they're mapped by any spte
because they're part of the guest working set. Furthermore a spte unmap
event can immediately lead to a page to be freed when the pin is released
(so requiring the same complex and relatively slow tlb_gather smp safe
logic we have in zap_page_range and that can be avoided completely if the
spte unmap event doesn't require an unpin of the page previously mapped in
the secondary MMU).
The mmu notifiers allow kvm/GRU/XPMEM to attach to the tsk->mm and know
when the VM is swapping or freeing or doing anything on the primary MMU so
that the secondary MMU code can drop sptes before the pages are freed,
avoiding all page pinning and allowing 100% reliable swapping of guest
physical address space. Furthermore it avoids the code that teardown the
mappings of the secondary MMU, to implement a logic like tlb_gather in
zap_page_range that would require many IPI to flush other cpu tlbs, for
each fixed number of spte unmapped.
To make an example: if what happens on the primary MMU is a protection
downgrade (from writeable to wrprotect) the secondary MMU mappings will be
invalidated, and the next secondary-mmu-page-fault will call
get_user_pages and trigger a do_wp_page through get_user_pages if it
called get_user_pages with write=1, and it'll re-establishing an updated
spte or secondary-tlb-mapping on the copied page. Or it will setup a
readonly spte or readonly tlb mapping if it's a guest-read, if it calls
get_user_pages with write=0. This is just an example.
This allows to map any page pointed by any pte (and in turn visible in the
primary CPU MMU), into a secondary MMU (be it a pure tlb like GRU, or an
full MMU with both sptes and secondary-tlb like the shadow-pagetable layer
with kvm), or a remote DMA in software like XPMEM (hence needing of
schedule in XPMEM code to send the invalidate to the remote node, while no
need to schedule in kvm/gru as it's an immediate event like invalidating
primary-mmu pte).
At least for KVM without this patch it's impossible to swap guests
reliably. And having this feature and removing the page pin allows
several other optimizations that simplify life considerably.
Dependencies:
1) mm_take_all_locks() to register the mmu notifier when the whole VM
isn't doing anything with "mm". This allows mmu notifier users to keep
track if the VM is in the middle of the invalidate_range_begin/end
critical section with an atomic counter incraese in range_begin and
decreased in range_end. No secondary MMU page fault is allowed to map
any spte or secondary tlb reference, while the VM is in the middle of
range_begin/end as any page returned by get_user_pages in that critical
section could later immediately be freed without any further
->invalidate_page notification (invalidate_range_begin/end works on
ranges and ->invalidate_page isn't called immediately before freeing
the page). To stop all page freeing and pagetable overwrites the
mmap_sem must be taken in write mode and all other anon_vma/i_mmap
locks must be taken too.
2) It'd be a waste to add branches in the VM if nobody could possibly
run KVM/GRU/XPMEM on the kernel, so mmu notifiers will only enabled if
CONFIG_KVM=m/y. In the current kernel kvm won't yet take advantage of
mmu notifiers, but this already allows to compile a KVM external module
against a kernel with mmu notifiers enabled and from the next pull from
kvm.git we'll start using them. And GRU/XPMEM will also be able to
continue the development by enabling KVM=m in their config, until they
submit all GRU/XPMEM GPLv2 code to the mainline kernel. Then they can
also enable MMU_NOTIFIERS in the same way KVM does it (even if KVM=n).
This guarantees nobody selects MMU_NOTIFIER=y if KVM and GRU and XPMEM
are all =n.
The mmu_notifier_register call can fail because mm_take_all_locks may be
interrupted by a signal and return -EINTR. Because mmu_notifier_reigster
is used when a driver startup, a failure can be gracefully handled. Here
an example of the change applied to kvm to register the mmu notifiers.
Usually when a driver startups other allocations are required anyway and
-ENOMEM failure paths exists already.
struct kvm *kvm_arch_create_vm(void)
{
struct kvm *kvm = kzalloc(sizeof(struct kvm), GFP_KERNEL);
+ int err;
if (!kvm)
return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
INIT_LIST_HEAD(&kvm->arch.active_mmu_pages);
+ kvm->arch.mmu_notifier.ops = &kvm_mmu_notifier_ops;
+ err = mmu_notifier_register(&kvm->arch.mmu_notifier, current->mm);
+ if (err) {
+ kfree(kvm);
+ return ERR_PTR(err);
+ }
+
return kvm;
}
mmu_notifier_unregister returns void and it's reliable.
The patch also adds a few needed but missing includes that would prevent
kernel to compile after these changes on non-x86 archs (x86 didn't need
them by luck).
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: coding-style fixes]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix mm/filemap_xip.c build]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix mm/mmu_notifier.c build]
Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <andrea@qumranet.com>
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Jack Steiner <steiner@sgi.com>
Cc: Robin Holt <holt@sgi.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Kanoj Sarcar <kanojsarcar@yahoo.com>
Cc: Roland Dreier <rdreier@cisco.com>
Cc: Steve Wise <swise@opengridcomputing.com>
Cc: Avi Kivity <avi@qumranet.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au>
Cc: Anthony Liguori <aliguori@us.ibm.com>
Cc: Chris Wright <chrisw@redhat.com>
Cc: Marcelo Tosatti <marcelo@kvack.org>
Cc: Eric Dumazet <dada1@cosmosbay.com>
Cc: "Paul E. McKenney" <paulmck@us.ibm.com>
Cc: Izik Eidus <izike@qumranet.com>
Cc: Anthony Liguori <aliguori@us.ibm.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
mm_take_all_locks holds off reclaim from an entire mm_struct. This allows
mmu notifiers to register into the mm at any time with the guarantee that
no mmu operation is in progress on the mm.
This operation locks against the VM for all pte/vma/mm related operations
that could ever happen on a certain mm. This includes vmtruncate,
try_to_unmap, and all page faults.
The caller must take the mmap_sem in write mode before calling
mm_take_all_locks(). The caller isn't allowed to release the mmap_sem
until mm_drop_all_locks() returns.
mmap_sem in write mode is required in order to block all operations that
could modify pagetables and free pages without need of altering the vma
layout (for example populate_range() with nonlinear vmas). It's also
needed in write mode to avoid new anon_vmas to be associated with existing
vmas.
A single task can't take more than one mm_take_all_locks() in a row or it
would deadlock.
mm_take_all_locks() and mm_drop_all_locks are expensive operations that
may have to take thousand of locks.
mm_take_all_locks() can fail if it's interrupted by signals.
When mmu_notifier_register returns, we must be sure that the driver is
notified if some task is in the middle of a vmtruncate for the 'mm' where
the mmu notifier was registered (mmu_notifier_invalidate_range_start/end
is run around the vmtruncation but mmu_notifier_register can run after
mmu_notifier_invalidate_range_start and before
mmu_notifier_invalidate_range_end). Same problem for rmap paths. And
we've to remove page pinning to avoid replicating the tlb_gather logic
inside KVM (and GRU doesn't work well with page pinning regardless of
needing tlb_gather), so without mm_take_all_locks when vmtruncate frees
the page, kvm would have no way to notice that it mapped into sptes a page
that is going into the freelist without a chance of any further
mmu_notifier notification.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: coding-style fixes]
Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <andrea@qumranet.com>
Acked-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Jack Steiner <steiner@sgi.com>
Cc: Robin Holt <holt@sgi.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Kanoj Sarcar <kanojsarcar@yahoo.com>
Cc: Roland Dreier <rdreier@cisco.com>
Cc: Steve Wise <swise@opengridcomputing.com>
Cc: Avi Kivity <avi@qumranet.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au>
Cc: Anthony Liguori <aliguori@us.ibm.com>
Cc: Chris Wright <chrisw@redhat.com>
Cc: Marcelo Tosatti <marcelo@kvack.org>
Cc: Eric Dumazet <dada1@cosmosbay.com>
Cc: "Paul E. McKenney" <paulmck@us.ibm.com>
Cc: Izik Eidus <izike@qumranet.com>
Cc: Anthony Liguori <aliguori@us.ibm.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The goal of this patchset is to support multiple hugetlb page sizes. This
is achieved by introducing a new struct hstate structure, which
encapsulates the important hugetlb state and constants (eg. huge page
size, number of huge pages currently allocated, etc).
The hstate structure is then passed around the code which requires these
fields, they will do the right thing regardless of the exact hstate they
are operating on.
This patch adds the hstate structure, with a single global instance of it
(default_hstate), and does the basic work of converting hugetlb to use the
hstate.
Future patches will add more hstate structures to allow for different
hugetlbfs mounts to have different page sizes.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: coding-style fixes]
Acked-by: Adam Litke <agl@us.ibm.com>
Acked-by: Nishanth Aravamudan <nacc@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andi Kleen <ak@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
With Mel's hugetlb private reservation support patches applied, strict
overcommit semantics are applied to both shared and private huge page
mappings. This can be a problem if an application relied on unlimited
overcommit semantics for private mappings. An example of this would be an
application which maps a huge area with the intention of using it very
sparsely. These application would benefit from being able to opt-out of
the strict overcommit. It should be noted that prior to hugetlb
supporting demand faulting all mappings were fully populated and so
applications of this type should be rare.
This patch stack implements the MAP_NORESERVE mmap() flag for huge page
mappings. This flag has the same meaning as for small page mappings,
suppressing reservations for that mapping.
Thanks to Mel Gorman for reviewing a number of early versions of these
patches.
This patch:
When a small page mapping is created with mmap() reservations are created
by default for any memory pages required. When the region is read/write
the reservation is increased for every page, no reservation is needed for
read-only regions (as they implicitly share the zero page). Reservations
are tracked via the VM_ACCOUNT vma flag which is present when the region
has reservation backing it. When we convert a region from read-only to
read-write new reservations are aquired and VM_ACCOUNT is set. However,
when a read-only map is created with MAP_NORESERVE it is indistinguishable
from a normal mapping. When we then convert that to read/write we are
forced to incorrectly create reservations for it as we have no record of
the original MAP_NORESERVE.
This patch introduces a new vma flag VM_NORESERVE which records the
presence of the original MAP_NORESERVE flag. This allows us to
distinguish these two circumstances and correctly account the reserve.
As well as fixing this FIXME in the code, this makes it much easier to
introduce MAP_NORESERVE support for huge pages as this flag is available
consistantly for the life of the mapping. VM_ACCOUNT on the other hand is
heavily used at the generic level in association with small pages.
Signed-off-by: Andy Whitcroft <apw@shadowen.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Adam Litke <agl@us.ibm.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@saeurebad.de>
Cc: Andy Whitcroft <apw@shadowen.org>
Cc: William Lee Irwin III <wli@holomorphy.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@googlemail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The double indirection here is not needed anywhere and hence (at least)
confusing.
Signed-off-by: Jan Beulich <jbeulich@novell.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Cc: "Luck, Tony" <tony.luck@intel.com>
Cc: Paul Mundt <lethal@linux-sh.org>
Cc: "David S. Miller" <davem@davemloft.net>
Acked-by: Jeremy Fitzhardinge <jeremy@goop.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This patch allows architectures to define functions to deal with
additional protections bits for mmap() and mprotect().
arch_calc_vm_prot_bits() maps additonal protection bits to vm_flags
arch_vm_get_page_prot() maps additional vm_flags to the vma's vm_page_prot
arch_validate_prot() checks for valid values of the protection bits
Note: vm_get_page_prot() is now pretty ugly, but the generated code
should be identical for architectures that don't define additional
protection bits.
Signed-off-by: Dave Kleikamp <shaggy@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Acked-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Acked-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Signed-off-by: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Fix a regression introduced by
commit 4cc6028d40
Author: Jiri Kosina <jkosina@suse.cz>
Date: Wed Feb 6 22:39:44 2008 +0100
brk: check the lower bound properly
The check in sys_brk() on minimum value the brk might have must take
CONFIG_COMPAT_BRK setting into account. When this option is turned on
(i.e. we support ancient legacy binaries, e.g. libc5-linked stuff), the
lower bound on brk value is mm->end_code, otherwise the brk start is
allowed to be arbitrarily shifted.
Signed-off-by: Jiri Kosina <jkosina@suse.cz>
Tested-by: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert@linux-m68k.org>
Cc: <stable@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The atomic_t type is 32bit but a 64bit system can have more than 2^32
pages of virtual address space available. Without this we overflow on
ludicrously large mappings
Signed-off-by: Alan Cox <alan@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The kernel implements readlink of /proc/pid/exe by getting the file from
the first executable VMA. Then the path to the file is reconstructed and
reported as the result.
Because of the VMA walk the code is slightly different on nommu systems.
This patch avoids separate /proc/pid/exe code on nommu systems. Instead of
walking the VMAs to find the first executable file-backed VMA we store a
reference to the exec'd file in the mm_struct.
That reference would prevent the filesystem holding the executable file
from being unmounted even after unmapping the VMAs. So we track the number
of VM_EXECUTABLE VMAs and drop the new reference when the last one is
unmapped. This avoids pinning the mounted filesystem.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: improve comments]
[yamamoto@valinux.co.jp: fix dup_mmap]
Signed-off-by: Matt Helsley <matthltc@us.ibm.com>
Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@tv-sign.ru>
Cc: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Cc:"Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Signed-off-by: YAMAMOTO Takashi <yamamoto@valinux.co.jp>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This patch renames mpol_copy() to mpol_dup() because, well, that's what it
does. Like, e.g., strdup() for strings, mpol_dup() takes a pointer to an
existing mempolicy, allocates a new one and copies the contents.
In a later patch, I want to use the name mpol_copy() to copy the contents from
one mempolicy to another like, e.g., strcpy() does for strings.
Signed-off-by: Lee Schermerhorn <lee.schermerhorn@hp.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Andi Kleen <ak@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This is a change that was requested some time ago by Mel Gorman. Makes sense
to me, so here it is.
Note: I retain the name "mpol_free_shared_policy()" because it actually does
free the shared_policy, which is NOT a reference counted object. However, ...
The mempolicy object[s] referenced by the shared_policy are reference counted,
so mpol_put() is used to release the reference held by the shared_policy. The
mempolicy might not be freed at this time, because some task attached to the
shared object associated with the shared policy may be in the process of
allocating a page based on the mempolicy. In that case, the task performing
the allocation will hold a reference on the mempolicy, obtained via
mpol_shared_policy_lookup(). The mempolicy will be freed when all tasks
holding such a reference have called mpol_put() for the mempolicy.
Signed-off-by: Lee Schermerhorn <lee.schermerhorn@hp.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Andi Kleen <ak@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
It is not easy to actually understand the "if (!file || !vma_merge())"
code, turn it into "if (file && vma_merge())". This makes immediately
obvious that the subsequent "if (file)" is superfluous.
As Hugh Dickins pointed out, we can also factor out the ->i_writecount
corrections, and add a small comment about that.
Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@tv-sign.ru>
Cc: Miklos Szeredi <miklos@szeredi.hu>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Convert special mapping install from nopage to fault.
Because the "vm_file" is NULL for the special mapping, the generic VM
code has messed up "vm_pgoff" thinking that it's an anonymous mapping
and the offset does't matter. For that reason, we need to undo the
vm_pgoff offset that got added into vmf->pgoff.
[ We _really_ should clean that up - either by making this whole special
mapping code just use a real file entry rather than that ugly array of
"struct page" pointers, or by just making the VM code realize that
even if vm_file is NULL it may not be a regular anonymous mmap.
- Linus ]
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Cc: linux-mm@kvack.org
Cc: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
There is a check in sys_brk(), that tries to make sure that we do not
underflow the area that is dedicated to brk heap.
The check is however wrong, as it assumes that brk area starts immediately
after the end of the code (+bss), which is wrong for example in
environments with randomized brk start. The proper way is to check whether
the address is not below the start_brk address.
Signed-off-by: Jiri Kosina <jkosina@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
In order to change the layout of the page tables after an mmap has crossed the
adress space limit of the current page table layout a architecture hook in
get_unmapped_area is needed. The arguments are the address of the new mapping
and the length of it.
Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Signed-off-by: Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com>
Cc: <linux-arch@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Drivers that register a ->fault handler, but do not range-check the
offset argument, must set VM_DONTEXPAND in the vm_flags in order to
prevent an expanding mremap from overflowing the resource.
I've audited the tree and attempted to fix these problems (usually by
adding VM_DONTEXPAND where it is not obvious).
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Randomize the location of the heap (brk) for i386 and x86_64. The range is
randomized in the range starting at current brk location up to 0x02000000
offset for both architectures. This, together with
pie-executable-randomization.patch and
pie-executable-randomization-fix.patch, should make the address space
randomization on i386 and x86_64 complete.
Arjan says:
This is known to break older versions of some emacs variants, whose dumper
code assumed that the last variable declared in the program is equal to the
start of the dynamically allocated memory region.
(The dumper is the code where emacs effectively dumps core at the end of it's
compilation stage; this coredump is then loaded as the main program during
normal use)
iirc this was 5 years or so; we found this way back when I was at RH and we
first did the security stuff there (including this brk randomization). It
wasn't all variants of emacs, and it got fixed as a result (I vaguely remember
that emacs already had code to deal with it for other archs/oses, just
ifdeffed wrongly).
It's a rare and wrong assumption as a general thing, just on x86 it mostly
happened to be true (but to be honest, it'll break too if gcc does
something fancy or if the linker does a non-standard order). Still its
something we should at least document.
Note 2: afaik it only broke the emacs *build*. I'm not 100% sure about that
(it IS 5 years ago) though.
[ akpm@linux-foundation.org: deuglification ]
Signed-off-by: Jiri Kosina <jkosina@suse.cz>
Cc: Arjan van de Ven <arjan@infradead.org>
Cc: Roland McGrath <roland@redhat.com>
Cc: Jakub Jelinek <jakub@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Fixing:
CHECK mm/mmap.c
mm/mmap.c:1623:29: warning: Using plain integer as NULL pointer
mm/mmap.c:1623:29: warning: Using plain integer as NULL pointer
mm/mmap.c:1944:29: warning: Using plain integer as NULL pointer
Signed-off-by: Richard Knutsson <ricknu-0@student.ltu.se>
Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
Given a specifically crafted binary do_brk() can be used to get low
pages available in userspace virtually memory and can thus be used to
circumvent the mmap_min_addr low memory protection. Add security checks
in do_brk().
Signed-off-by: Eric Paris <eparis@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Alan Cox <alan@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
If mmap_min_addr is set and a process attempts to mmap (not fixed) with a
non-null hint address less than mmap_min_addr the mapping will fail the
security checks. Since this is just a hint address this patch will round
such a hint address above mmap_min_addr.
gcj was found to try to be very frugal with vm usage and give hint addresses
in the 8k-32k range. Without this patch all such programs failed and with
the patch they happily get a higher address.
This patch is wrappad in CONFIG_SECURITY since mmap_min_addr doesn't exist
without it and there would be no security check possible no matter what. So
we should not bother compiling in this rounding if it is just a waste of
time.
Signed-off-by: Eric Paris <eparis@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
Add security checks to make sure we are not attempting to expand the
stack into memory protected by mmap_min_addr
Signed-off-by: Eric Paris <eparis@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
Fix mprotect bug in recent commit 3ed75eb8f1
(setup vma->vm_page_prot by vm_get_page_prot()): the vma_wants_writenotify
case was setting the same prot as when not.
Nothing wrong with the use of protection_map[] in mmap_region(),
but use vm_get_page_prot() there too in the same ~VM_SHARED way.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: Coly Li <coyli@suse.de>
Cc: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This patch uses vm_get_page_prot() to setup vma->vm_page_prot.
Though inside vm_get_page_prot() the protection flags is AND with
(VM_READ|VM_WRITE|VM_EXEC|VM_SHARED), it does not hurt correct code.
Signed-off-by: Coly Li <coyli@suse.de>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This patch contains the following cleanups that are now possible:
- remove the unused security_operations->inode_xattr_getsuffix
- remove the no longer used security_operations->unregister_security
- remove some no longer required exit code
- remove a bunch of no longer used exports
Signed-off-by: Adrian Bunk <bunk@kernel.org>
Acked-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
Cc: Chris Wright <chrisw@sous-sol.org>
Cc: Stephen Smalley <sds@tycho.nsa.gov>
Cc: Serge Hallyn <serue@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
mm.h doesn't use directly anything from mutex.h and backing-dev.h, so
remove them and add them back to files which need them.
Cross-compile tested on many configs and archs.
Signed-off-by: Alexey Dobriyan <adobriyan@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The new exec code inserts an accounted vma into an mm struct which is not
current->mm. The existing memory check code has a hard coded assumption
that this does not happen as does the security code.
As the correct mm is known we pass the mm to the security method and the
helper function. A new security test is added for the case where we need
to pass the mm and the existing one is modified to pass current->mm to
avoid the need to change large amounts of code.
(Thanks to Tobias for fixing rejects and testing)
Signed-off-by: Alan Cox <alan@redhat.com>
Cc: WU Fengguang <wfg@mail.ustc.edu.cn>
Cc: James Morris <jmorris@redhat.com>
Cc: Tobias Diedrich <ranma+kernel@tdiedrich.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Remove the arg+env limit of MAX_ARG_PAGES by copying the strings directly from
the old mm into the new mm.
We create the new mm before the binfmt code runs, and place the new stack at
the very top of the address space. Once the binfmt code runs and figures out
where the stack should be, we move it downwards.
It is a bit peculiar in that we have one task with two mm's, one of which is
inactive.
[a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl: limit stack size]
Signed-off-by: Ollie Wild <aaw@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: <linux-arch@vger.kernel.org>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
[bunk@stusta.de: unexport bprm_mm_init]
Signed-off-by: Adrian Bunk <bunk@stusta.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Nonlinear mappings are (AFAIKS) simply a virtual memory concept that encodes
the virtual address -> file offset differently from linear mappings.
->populate is a layering violation because the filesystem/pagecache code
should need to know anything about the virtual memory mapping. The hitch here
is that the ->nopage handler didn't pass down enough information (ie. pgoff).
But it is more logical to pass pgoff rather than have the ->nopage function
calculate it itself anyway (because that's a similar layering violation).
Having the populate handler install the pte itself is likewise a nasty thing
to be doing.
This patch introduces a new fault handler that replaces ->nopage and
->populate and (later) ->nopfn. Most of the old mechanism is still in place
so there is a lot of duplication and nice cleanups that can be removed if
everyone switches over.
The rationale for doing this in the first place is that nonlinear mappings are
subject to the pagefault vs invalidate/truncate race too, and it seemed stupid
to duplicate the synchronisation logic rather than just consolidate the two.
After this patch, MAP_NONBLOCK no longer sets up ptes for pages present in
pagecache. Seems like a fringe functionality anyway.
NOPAGE_REFAULT is removed. This should be implemented with ->fault, and no
users have hit mainline yet.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: cleanup]
[randy.dunlap@oracle.com: doc. fixes for readahead]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: build fix]
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Randy Dunlap <randy.dunlap@oracle.com>
Cc: Mark Fasheh <mark.fasheh@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This is a straightforward split of do_mmap_pgoff() into two functions:
- do_mmap_pgoff() checks the parameters, and calculates the vma
flags. Then it calls
- mmap_region(), which does the actual mapping
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Add a new security check on mmap operations to see if the user is attempting
to mmap to low area of the address space. The amount of space protected is
indicated by the new proc tunable /proc/sys/vm/mmap_min_addr and defaults to
0, preserving existing behavior.
This patch uses a new SELinux security class "memprotect." Policy already
contains a number of allow rules like a_t self:process * (unconfined_t being
one of them) which mean that putting this check in the process class (its
best current fit) would make it useless as all user processes, which we also
want to protect against, would be allowed. By taking the memprotect name of
the new class it will also make it possible for us to move some of the other
memory protect permissions out of 'process' and into the new class next time
we bump the policy version number (which I also think is a good future idea)
Acked-by: Stephen Smalley <sds@tycho.nsa.gov>
Acked-by: Chris Wright <chrisw@sous-sol.org>
Signed-off-by: Eric Paris <eparis@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
Function expand_upwards() did not guarded against wrapping
around to address 0. This fixes the adjtimex02 testcase from
the Linux Test Project on a 32bit PARISC kernel.
[expand_upwards is only used on parisc and ia64; it looks like it does
the right thing on both. --kyle]
Signed-off-by: Helge Deller <deller@gmx.de>
Cc: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Kyle McMartin <kyle@parisc-linux.org>
Remove the hugetlbfs specific hacks in toplevel get_unmapped_area() now that
all archs and hugetlbfs itself do the right thing for both cases.
Signed-off-by: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Acked-by: William Irwin <bill.irwin@oracle.com>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Cc: Richard Henderson <rth@twiddle.net>
Cc: Ivan Kokshaysky <ink@jurassic.park.msu.ru>
Cc: Russell King <rmk+kernel@arm.linux.org.uk>
Cc: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <ak@suse.de>
Cc: "Luck, Tony" <tony.luck@intel.com>
Cc: Kyle McMartin <kyle@mcmartin.ca>
Cc: Grant Grundler <grundler@parisc-linux.org>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox <willy@debian.org>
Cc: "David S. Miller" <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: Adam Litke <agl@us.ibm.com>
Cc: David Gibson <david@gibson.dropbear.id.au>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
generic arch_get_unmapped_area() now handles MAP_FIXED. Now that all
implementations have been fixed, change the toplevel get_unmapped_area() to
call into arch or drivers for the MAP_FIXED case.
Signed-off-by: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Cc: Richard Henderson <rth@twiddle.net>
Cc: Ivan Kokshaysky <ink@jurassic.park.msu.ru>
Cc: Russell King <rmk+kernel@arm.linux.org.uk>
Cc: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <ak@suse.de>
Cc: "Luck, Tony" <tony.luck@intel.com>
Cc: Kyle McMartin <kyle@mcmartin.ca>
Cc: Grant Grundler <grundler@parisc-linux.org>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox <willy@debian.org>
Cc: "David S. Miller" <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: William Irwin <bill.irwin@oracle.com>
Cc: Adam Litke <agl@us.ibm.com>
Cc: David Gibson <david@gibson.dropbear.id.au>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Add hooks to allow a paravirt implementation to track the lifetime of
an mm. Paravirtualization requires three hooks, but only two are
needed in common code. They are:
arch_dup_mmap, which is called when a new mmap is created at fork
arch_exit_mmap, which is called when the last process reference to an
mm is dropped, which typically happens on exit and exec.
The third hook is activate_mm, which is called from the arch-specific
activate_mm() macro/function, and so doesn't need stub versions for
other architectures. It's called when an mm is first used.
Signed-off-by: Jeremy Fitzhardinge <jeremy@xensource.com>
Signed-off-by: Andi Kleen <ak@suse.de>
Cc: linux-arch@vger.kernel.org
Cc: James Bottomley <James.Bottomley@SteelEye.com>
Acked-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
The code is seemingly trying to make sure that rb_next() brings us to
successive increasing vma entries.
But the two variables, prev and pend, used to perform these checks, are
never advanced.
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <andrea@novell.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This patch adds a utility function install_special_mapping, for creating a
special vma using a fixed set of preallocated pages as backing, such as for a
vDSO. This consolidates some nearly identical code used for vDSO mapping
reimplemented for different architectures.
Signed-off-by: Roland McGrath <roland@redhat.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Cc: Andi Kleen <ak@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
When expanding the stack, we don't currently check if the VMA will cross
into an area of the address space that is reserved for hugetlb pages.
Subsequent faults on the expanded portion of such a VMA will confuse the
low-level MMU code, resulting in an OOPS. Check for this.
Signed-off-by: Adam Litke <agl@us.ibm.com>
Cc: David Gibson <david@gibson.dropbear.id.au>
Cc: William Lee Irwin III <wli@holomorphy.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: <stable@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Change all the uses of f_{dentry,vfsmnt} to f_path.{dentry,mnt} in linux/mm/.
Signed-off-by: Josef "Jeff" Sipek <jsipek@cs.sunysb.edu>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
SLAB_KERNEL is an alias of GFP_KERNEL.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Commit cb07c9a186 causes the wrong return
value. is_hugepage_only_range() is a boolean, so we should return
-EINVAL rather than 1.
Also - we can use "mm" instead of looking up "current->mm" again.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Unlike mmap(), the codepath for brk() creates a vma without first checking
that it doesn't touch a region exclusively reserved for hugepages. On
powerpc, this can allow it to create a normal page vma in a hugepage
region, causing oopses and other badness.
Add a test to prevent this. With this patch, brk() will simply fail if it
attempts to move the break into a hugepage reserved region.
Signed-off-by: David Gibson <david@gibson.dropbear.id.au>
Cc: Adam Litke <agl@us.ibm.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
(David:)
If hugetlbfs_file_mmap() returns a failure to do_mmap_pgoff() - for example,
because the given file offset is not hugepage aligned - then do_mmap_pgoff
will go to the unmap_and_free_vma backout path.
But at this stage the vma hasn't been marked as hugepage, and the backout path
will call unmap_region() on it. That will eventually call down to the
non-hugepage version of unmap_page_range(). On ppc64, at least, that will
cause serious problems if there are any existing hugepage pagetable entries in
the vicinity - for example if there are any other hugepage mappings under the
same PUD. unmap_page_range() will trigger a bad_pud() on the hugepage pud
entries. I suspect this will also cause bad problems on ia64, though I don't
have a machine to test it on.
(Hugh:)
prepare_hugepage_range() should check file offset alignment when it checks
virtual address and length, to stop MAP_FIXED with a bad huge offset from
unmapping before it fails further down. PowerPC should apply the same
prepare_hugepage_range alignment checks as ia64 and all the others do.
Then none of the alignment checks in hugetlbfs_file_mmap are required (nor
is the check for too small a mapping); but even so, move up setting of
VM_HUGETLB and add a comment to warn of what David Gibson discovered - if
hugetlbfs_file_mmap fails before setting it, do_mmap_pgoff's unmap_region
when unwinding from error will go the non-huge way, which may cause bad
behaviour on architectures (powerpc and ia64) which segregate their huge
mappings into a separate region of the address space.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: "Luck, Tony" <tony.luck@intel.com>
Cc: "David S. Miller" <davem@davemloft.net>
Acked-by: Adam Litke <agl@us.ibm.com>
Acked-by: David Gibson <david@gibson.dropbear.id.au>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
.. and clean up the file mapping code while at it. No point in having a
"if (file)" repeated twice, and generally doing similar checks in two
different sections of the same code
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Remove the atomic counter for slab_reclaim_pages and replace the counter
and NR_SLAB with two ZVC counter that account for unreclaimable and
reclaimable slab pages: NR_SLAB_RECLAIMABLE and NR_SLAB_UNRECLAIMABLE.
Change the check in vmscan.c to refer to to NR_SLAB_RECLAIMABLE. The
intend seems to be to check for slab pages that could be freed.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Tracking of dirty pages in shared writeable mmap()s.
The idea is simple: write protect clean shared writeable pages, catch the
write-fault, make writeable and set dirty. On page write-back clean all the
PTE dirty bits and write protect them once again.
The implementation is a tad harder, mainly because the default
backing_dev_info capabilities were too loosely maintained. Hence it is not
enough to test the backing_dev_info for cap_account_dirty.
The current heuristic is as follows, a VMA is eligible when:
- its shared writeable
(vm_flags & (VM_WRITE|VM_SHARED)) == (VM_WRITE|VM_SHARED)
- it is not a 'special' mapping
(vm_flags & (VM_PFNMAP|VM_INSERTPAGE)) == 0
- the backing_dev_info is cap_account_dirty
mapping_cap_account_dirty(vma->vm_file->f_mapping)
- f_op->mmap() didn't change the default page protection
Page from remap_pfn_range() are explicitly excluded because their COW
semantics are already horrid enough (see vm_normal_page() in do_wp_page()) and
because they don't have a backing store anyway.
mprotect() is taught about the new behaviour as well. However it overrides
the last condition.
Cleaning the pages on write-back is done with page_mkclean() a new rmap call.
It can be called on any page, but is currently only implemented for mapped
pages, if the page is found the be of a VMA that accounts dirty pages it will
also wrprotect the PTE.
Finally, in fs/buffers.c:try_to_free_buffers(); remove clear_page_dirty() from
under ->private_lock. This seems to be safe, since ->private_lock is used to
serialize access to the buffers, not the page itself. This is needed because
clear_page_dirty() will call into page_mkclean() and would thereby violate
locking order.
[dhowells@redhat.com: Provide a page_mkclean() implementation for NOMMU]
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
This prevents cross-region mappings on IA64 and SPARC which could lead
to system crash. They were correctly trapped for normal mmap() calls,
but not for the kernel internal calls generated by executable loading.
This code just moves the architecture-specific cross-region checks into
an arch-specific "arch_mmap_check()" macro, and defines that for the
architectures that needed it (ia64, sparc and sparc64).
Architectures that don't have any special requirements can just ignore
the new cross-region check, since the mmap() code will just notice on
its own when the macro isn't defined.
Signed-off-by: Pavel Emelianov <xemul@openvz.org>
Signed-off-by: Kirill Korotaev <dev@openvz.org>
Acked-by: David Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
[ Cleaned up to not affect architectures that don't need it ]
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
AGP keeps its own copy of the protection_map, upcoming DRM changes will
also require access to this map from modules.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Signed-off-by: Dave Airlie <airlied@linux.ie>
Signed-off-by: Dave Jones <davej@redhat.com>
Currently a single atomic variable is used to establish the size of the page
cache in the whole machine. The zoned VM counters have the same method of
implementation as the nr_pagecache code but also allow the determination of
the pagecache size per zone.
Remove the special implementation for nr_pagecache and make it a zoned counter
named NR_FILE_PAGES.
Updates of the page cache counters are always performed with interrupts off.
We can therefore use the __ variant here.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Add a new VMA operation to notify a filesystem or other driver about the
MMU generating a fault because userspace attempted to write to a page
mapped through a read-only PTE.
This facility permits the filesystem or driver to:
(*) Implement storage allocation/reservation on attempted write, and so to
deal with problems such as ENOSPC more gracefully (perhaps by generating
SIGBUS).
(*) Delay making the page writable until the contents have been written to a
backing cache. This is useful for NFS/AFS when using FS-Cache/CacheFS.
It permits the filesystem to have some guarantee about the state of the
cache.
(*) Account and limit number of dirty pages. This is one piece of the puzzle
needed to make shared writable mapping work safely in FUSE.
Needed by cachefs (Or is it cachefiles? Or fscache? <head spins>).
At least four other groups have stated an interest in it or a desire to use
the functionality it provides: FUSE, OCFS2, NTFS and JFFS2. Also, things like
EXT3 really ought to use it to deal with the case of shared-writable mmap
encountering ENOSPC before we permit the page to be dirtied.
From: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
get_user_pages(.write=1, .force=1) can generate COW hits on read-only
shared mappings, this patch traps those as mkpage_write candidates and fails
to handle them the old way.
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Cc: Miklos Szeredi <miklos@szeredi.hu>
Cc: Joel Becker <Joel.Becker@oracle.com>
Cc: Mark Fasheh <mark.fasheh@oracle.com>
Cc: Anton Altaparmakov <aia21@cantab.net>
Cc: David Woodhouse <dwmw2@infradead.org>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
This patch is an enhancement of OVERCOMMIT_GUESS algorithm in
__vm_enough_memory() in mm/mmap.c.
When the OVERCOMMIT_GUESS algorithm calculates the number of free pages,
the algorithm subtracts the number of reserved pages from the result
nr_free_pages().
Signed-off-by: Hideo Aoki <haoki@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
The code checks for newbrk with oldbrk which are page aligned before making
a check for the memory limit set of data segment. If the memory limit is
not page aligned in that case it bypasses the test for the limit if the
memory allocation is still for the same page.
Signed-off-by: Ram Gupta <ram.gupta5@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
this changes if() BUG(); constructs to BUG_ON() which is
cleaner, contains unlikely() and can better optimized away.
Signed-off-by: Eric Sesterhenn <snakebyte@gmx.de>
Signed-off-by: Adrian Bunk <bunk@stusta.de>
Convert mm/ to use the new kmem_cache_zalloc allocator.
Signed-off-by: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Now that it's madvisable, remove two pieces of VM_DONTCOPY bogosity:
1. There was and is no logical reason why VM_DONTCOPY should be in the
list of flags which forbid vma merging (and those drivers which set
it are also setting VM_IO, which itself forbids the merge).
2. It's hard to understand the purpose of the VM_HUGETLB, VM_DONTCOPY
block in vm_stat_account: but never mind, it's under CONFIG_HUGETLB,
which (unlike CONFIG_HUGETLB_PAGE or CONFIG_HUGETLBFS) has never been
defined.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: William Lee Irwin III <wli@holomorphy.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
- Move capable() from sched.h to capability.h;
- Use <linux/capability.h> where capable() is used
(in include/, block/, ipc/, kernel/, a few drivers/,
mm/, security/, & sound/;
many more drivers/ to go)
Signed-off-by: Randy Dunlap <rdunlap@xenotime.net>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
The logic that decides that a fork() might be able to avoid copying a VM
area when it can be re-created by page faults didn't know about the new
vm_insert_page() case.
Also make some things a bit more anal wrt VM_PFNMAP.
Pointed out by Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
The PageReserved removal in 2.6.15-rc1 issued a "deprecated" message when you
tried to mmap or mprotect MAP_PRIVATE PROT_WRITE a VM_RESERVED, and failed
with -EACCES: because do_wp_page lacks the refinement to COW pages in those
areas, nor do we expect to find anonymous pages in them; and it seemed just
bloat to add code for handling such a peculiar case. But immediately it
caused vbetool and ddcprobe (using lrmi) to fail.
So revert the "deprecated" messages, letting mmap and mprotect succeed. But
leave do_wp_page's BUG_ON(vma->vm_flags & VM_RESERVED) in place until we've
added the code to do it right: so this particular patch is only good if the
app doesn't really need to write to that private area.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Fix compile warning caused by conflicting types of expand_upwards. IA64
requires it to not be static inline, as it's used outside mm/mmap.c
Signed-off-by: Matthew Wilcox <willy@parisc-linux.org>
Signed-off-by: Kyle McMartin <kyle@parisc-linux.org>
I didn't find any possible modular usage in the kernel.
This patch was already ACK'ed by Christoph Hellwig.
Signed-off-by: Adrian Bunk <bunk@stusta.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
This patch is a rewrite of the one submitted on October 1st, using modules
(http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=112819093522998&w=2).
This rewrite adds a tristate CONFIG_RCU_TORTURE_TEST, which enables an
intense torture test of the RCU infratructure. This is needed due to the
continued changes to the RCU infrastructure to accommodate dynamic ticks,
CPU hotplug, realtime, and so on. Most of the code is in a separate file
that is compiled only if the CONFIG variable is set. Documentation on how
to run the test and interpret the output is also included.
This code has been tested on i386 and ppc64, and an earlier version of the
code has received extensive testing on a number of architectures as part of
the PREEMPT_RT patchset.
Signed-off-by: "Paul E. McKenney" <paulmck@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Remove the page_table_lock from around the calls to unmap_vmas, and replace
the pte_offset_map in zap_pte_range by pte_offset_map_lock: all callers are
now safe to descend without page_table_lock.
Don't attempt fancy locking for hugepages, just take page_table_lock in
unmap_hugepage_range. Which makes zap_hugepage_range, and the hugetlb test in
zap_page_range, redundant: unmap_vmas calls unmap_hugepage_range anyway. Nor
does unmap_vmas have much use for its mm arg now.
The tlb_start_vma and tlb_end_vma in unmap_page_range are now called without
page_table_lock: if they're implemented at all, they typically come down to
flush_cache_range (usually done outside page_table_lock) and flush_tlb_range
(which we already audited for the mprotect case).
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
In most places the descent from pgd to pud to pmd to pte holds mmap_sem
(exclusively or not), which ensures that free_pgtables cannot be freeing page
tables from any level at the same time. But truncation and reverse mapping
descend without mmap_sem.
No problem: just make sure that a vma is unlinked from its prio_tree (or
nonlinear list) and from its anon_vma list, after zapping the vma, but before
freeing its page tables. Then neither vmtruncate nor rmap can reach that vma
whose page tables are now volatile (nor do they need to reach it, since all
its page entries have been zapped by this stage).
The i_mmap_lock and anon_vma->lock already serialize this correctly; but the
locking hierarchy is such that we cannot take them while holding
page_table_lock. Well, we're trying to push that down anyway. So in this
patch, move anon_vma_unlink and unlink_file_vma into free_pgtables, at the
same time as moving page_table_lock around calls to unmap_vmas.
tlb_gather_mmu and tlb_finish_mmu then fall outside the page_table_lock, but
we made them preempt_disable and preempt_enable earlier; and a long source
audit of all the architectures has shown no problem with removing
page_table_lock from them. free_pgtables doesn't need page_table_lock for
itself, nor for what it calls; tlb->mm->nr_ptes is usually protected by
page_table_lock, but partly by non-exclusive mmap_sem - here it's decremented
with exclusive mmap_sem, or mm_users 0. update_hiwater_rss and
vm_unacct_memory don't need page_table_lock either.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
ia64 has expand_backing_store function for growing its Register Backing Store
vma upwards. But more complete code for this purpose is found in the
CONFIG_STACK_GROWSUP part of mm/mmap.c. Uglify its #ifdefs further to provide
expand_upwards for ia64 as well as expand_stack for parisc.
The Register Backing Store vma should be marked VM_ACCOUNT. Implement the
intention of growing it only a page at a time, instead of passing an address
outside of the vma to handle_mm_fault, with unknown consequences.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
update_mem_hiwater has attracted various criticisms, in particular from those
concerned with mm scalability. Originally it was called whenever rss or
total_vm got raised. Then many of those callsites were replaced by a timer
tick call from account_system_time. Now Frank van Maarseveen reports that to
be found inadequate. How about this? Works for Frank.
Replace update_mem_hiwater, a poor combination of two unrelated ops, by macros
update_hiwater_rss and update_hiwater_vm. Don't attempt to keep
mm->hiwater_rss up to date at timer tick, nor every time we raise rss (usually
by 1): those are hot paths. Do the opposite, update only when about to lower
rss (usually by many), or just before final accounting in do_exit. Handle
mm->hiwater_vm in the same way, though it's much less of an issue. Demand
that whoever collects these hiwater statistics do the work of taking the
maximum with rss or total_vm.
And there has been no collector of these hiwater statistics in the tree. The
new convention needs an example, so match Frank's usage by adding a VmPeak
line above VmSize to /proc/<pid>/status, and also a VmHWM line above VmRSS
(High-Water-Mark or High-Water-Memory).
There was a particular anomaly during mremap move, that hiwater_vm might be
captured too high. A fleeting such anomaly remains, but it's quickly
corrected now, whereas before it would stick.
What locking? None: if the app is racy then these statistics will be racy,
it's not worth any overhead to make them exact. But whenever it suits,
hiwater_vm is updated under exclusive mmap_sem, and hiwater_rss under
page_table_lock (for now) or with preemption disabled (later on): without
going to any trouble, minimize the time between reading current values and
updating, to minimize those occasions when a racing thread bumps a count up
and back down in between.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Remove PageReserved() calls from core code by tightening VM_RESERVED
handling in mm/ to cover PageReserved functionality.
PageReserved special casing is removed from get_page and put_page.
All setting and clearing of PageReserved is retained, and it is now flagged
in the page_alloc checks to help ensure we don't introduce any refcount
based freeing of Reserved pages.
MAP_PRIVATE, PROT_WRITE of VM_RESERVED regions is tentatively being
deprecated. We never completely handled it correctly anyway, and is be
reintroduced in future if required (Hugh has a proof of concept).
Once PageReserved() calls are removed from kernel/power/swsusp.c, and all
arch/ and driver code, the Set and Clear calls, and the PG_reserved bit can
be trivially removed.
Last real user of PageReserved is swsusp, which uses PageReserved to
determine whether a struct page points to valid memory or not. This still
needs to be addressed (a generic page_is_ram() should work).
A last caveat: the ZERO_PAGE is now refcounted and managed with rmap (and
thus mapcounted and count towards shared rss). These writes to the struct
page could cause excessive cacheline bouncing on big systems. There are a
number of ways this could be addressed if it is an issue.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Refcount bug fix for filemap_xip.c
Signed-off-by: Carsten Otte <cotte@de.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
exit_mmap resets various mm_struct fields, but the mm is well on its way out,
and none of those fields matter by this point.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Divide remove_vm_struct into two parts: first anon_vma_unlink plus
unlink_file_vma, to unlink the vma from the list and tree by which rmap or
vmtruncate might find it; then remove_vma to close, fput and free.
The intention here is to do the anon_vma_unlink and unlink_file_vma earlier,
in free_pgtables before freeing any page tables: so we can be sure that any
page tables traversed by rmap and vmtruncate are stable (and other, ordinary
cases are stabilized by holding mmap_sem).
This will be crucial to traversing pgd,pud,pmd without page_table_lock. But
testing the split-out patch showed that lifting the page_table_lock is
symbiotically necessary to make this change - the lock ordering is wrong to
move those unlinks into free_pgtables while it's under ptlock.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
unmap_vma doesn't amount to much, let's put it inside unmap_vma_list. Except
it doesn't unmap anything, unmap_region just did the unmapping: rename it to
remove_vma_list.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
The original vm_stat_account has fallen into disuse, with only one user, and
only one user of vm_stat_unaccount. It's easier to keep track if we convert
them all to __vm_stat_account, then free it from its __shackles.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
That comment is plain wrong (we even take the pagetable lock inside
unmap_region()).
Signed-off-by: Paolo 'Blaisorblade' Giarrusso <blaisorblade@yahoo.it>
Acked-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Pavel Emelianov and Kirill Korotaev observe that fs and arch users of
security_vm_enough_memory tend to forget to vm_unacct_memory when a
failure occurs further down (typically in setup_arg_pages variants).
These are all users of insert_vm_struct, and that reservation will only
be unaccounted on exit if the vma is marked VM_ACCOUNT: which in some
cases it is (hidden inside VM_STACK_FLAGS) and in some cases it isn't.
So x86_64 32-bit and ppc64 vDSO ELFs have been leaking memory into
Committed_AS each time they're run. But don't add VM_ACCOUNT to them,
it's inappropriate to reserve against the very unlikely case that gdb
be used to COW a vDSO page - we ought to do something about that in
do_wp_page, but there are yet other inconsistencies to be resolved.
The safe and economical way to fix this is to let insert_vm_struct do
the security_vm_enough_memory check when it finds VM_ACCOUNT is set.
And the MIPS irix_brk has been calling security_vm_enough_memory before
calling do_brk which repeats it, doubly accounting and so also leaking.
Remove that, and all the fs and arch calls to security_vm_enough_memory:
give it a less misleading name later on.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Signed-Off-By: Kirill Korotaev <dev@sw.ru>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Move some more frequently read variables that showed up during some of our
performance tests as sometimes ending up in hot cachelines to the
read_mostly section.
Fix: Move the __read_mostly from before hpet_usec_quotient to follow the
variable like the other uses of __read_mostly.
Signed-off-by: Alok N Kataria <alokk@calsoftinc.com>
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <christoph@scalex86.org>
Signed-off-by: Shai Fultheim <shai@scalex86.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
We have found what seems to be a small bug in __vm_enough_memory() when
sysctl_overcommit_memory is set to OVERCOMMIT_NEVER.
When this bug occurs the systems fails to boot, with /sbin/init whining
about fork() returning ENOMEM.
We hunted down the problem to this:
The deferred update mecanism used in vm_acct_memory(), on a SMP system,
allows the vm_committed_space counter to have a negative value.
This should not be a problem since this counter is known to be inaccurate.
But in __vm_enough_memory() this counter is compared to the `allowed'
variable, which is an unsigned long. This comparison is broken since it
will consider the negative values of vm_committed_space to be huge positive
values, resulting in a memory allocation failure.
Signed-off-by: <Jean-Marc.Saffroy@ext.bull.net>
Signed-off-by: <Simon.Derr@bull.net>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
The topdown changes in 2.6.12-rc1 can cause large allocations with large
stack limit to fail, despite there being space available. The
mmap_base-len is only valid when len >= mmap_base. However, nothing in
topdown allocator checks this. It's only (now) caught at higher level,
which will cause allocation to simply fail. The following change restores
the fallback to bottom-up path, which will allow large allocations with
large stack limit to potentially still succeed.
Signed-off-by: Chris Wright <chrisw@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Ingo recently introduced a great speedup for allocating new mmaps using the
free_area_cache pointer which boosts the specweb SSL benchmark by 4-5% and
causes huge performance increases in thread creation.
The downside of this patch is that it does lead to fragmentation in the
mmap-ed areas (visible via /proc/self/maps), such that some applications
that work fine under 2.4 kernels quickly run out of memory on any 2.6
kernel.
The problem is twofold:
1) the free_area_cache is used to continue a search for memory where
the last search ended. Before the change new areas were always
searched from the base address on.
So now new small areas are cluttering holes of all sizes
throughout the whole mmap-able region whereas before small holes
tended to close holes near the base leaving holes far from the base
large and available for larger requests.
2) the free_area_cache also is set to the location of the last
munmap-ed area so in scenarios where we allocate e.g. five regions of
1K each, then free regions 4 2 3 in this order the next request for 1K
will be placed in the position of the old region 3, whereas before we
appended it to the still active region 1, placing it at the location
of the old region 2. Before we had 1 free region of 2K, now we only
get two free regions of 1K -> fragmentation.
The patch addresses thes issues by introducing yet another cache descriptor
cached_hole_size that contains the largest known hole size below the
current free_area_cache. If a new request comes in the size is compared
against the cached_hole_size and if the request can be filled with a hole
below free_area_cache the search is started from the base instead.
The results look promising: Whereas 2.6.12-rc4 fragments quickly and my
(earlier posted) leakme.c test program terminates after 50000+ iterations
with 96 distinct and fragmented maps in /proc/self/maps it performs nicely
(as expected) with thread creation, Ingo's test_str02 with 20000 threads
requires 0.7s system time.
Taking out Ingo's patch (un-patch available per request) by basically
deleting all mentions of free_area_cache from the kernel and starting the
search for new memory always at the respective bases we observe: leakme
terminates successfully with 11 distinctive hardly fragmented areas in
/proc/self/maps but thread creating is gringdingly slow: 30+s(!) system
time for Ingo's test_str02 with 20000 threads.
Now - drumroll ;-) the appended patch works fine with leakme: it ends with
only 7 distinct areas in /proc/self/maps and also thread creation seems
sufficiently fast with 0.71s for 20000 threads.
Signed-off-by: Wolfgang Wander <wwc@rentec.com>
Credit-to: "Richard Purdie" <rpurdie@rpsys.net>
Signed-off-by: Ken Chen <kenneth.w.chen@intel.com>
Acked-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu> (partly)
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
As noted by Chris Wright, we need to do the full range of tests regardless
of whether MAP_FIXED is set or not, so re-organize get_unmapped_area()
slightly to do the sanity checks unconditionally.
Prevent the topdown allocator from allocating mmap areas all the way
down to address zero.
We still allow a MAP_FIXED mapping of page 0 (needed for various things,
ranging from Wine and DOSEMU to people who want to allow speculative
loads off a NULL pointer).
Tested by Chris Wright.
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Always use page counts when doing RLIMIT_MEMLOCK checking to avoid possible
overflow.
Signed-off-by: Chris Wright <chrisw@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Address bug #4508: there's potential for wraparound in the various places
where we perform RLIMIT_AS checking.
(I'm a bit worried about acct_stack_growth(). Are we sure that vma->vm_mm is
always equal to current->mm? If not, then we're comparing some other
process's total_vm with the calling process's rlimits).
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Once all the MMU architectures define FIRST_USER_ADDRESS, remove hack from
mmap.c which derived it from FIRST_USER_PGD_NR.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
The patches to free_pgtables by vma left problems on any architectures which
leave some user address page table entries unencapsulated by vma. Andi has
fixed the 32-bit vDSO on x86_64 to use a vma. Now fix arm (and arm26), whose
first PAGE_SIZE is reserved (perhaps) for machine vectors.
Our calls to free_pgtables must not touch that area, and exit_mmap's
BUG_ON(nr_ptes) must allow that arm's get_pgd_slow may (or may not) have
allocated an extra page table, which its free_pgd_slow would free later.
FIRST_USER_PGD_NR has misled me and others: until all the arches define
FIRST_USER_ADDRESS instead, a hack in mmap.c to derive one from t'other. This
patch fixes the bugs, the remaining patches just clean it up.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
While dabbling here in mmap.c, clean up mysterious "mpnt"s to "vma"s.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
There's only one usage of MM_VM_SIZE(mm) left, and it's a troublesome macro
because mm doesn't contain the (32-bit emulation?) info needed. But it too is
only needed because we ignore the end from the vma list.
We could make flush_pgtables return that end, or unmap_vmas. Choose the
latter, since it's a natural fit with unmap_mapping_range_vma needing to know
its restart addr. This does make more than minimal change, but if unmap_vmas
had returned the end before, this is how we'd have done it, rather than
storing the break_addr in zap_details.
unmap_vmas used to return count of vmas scanned, but that's just debug which
hasn't been useful in a while; and if we want the map_count 0 on exit check
back, it can easily come from the final remove_vm_struct loop.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Recent woes with some arches needing their own pgd_addr_end macro; and 4-level
clear_page_range regression since 2.6.10's clear_page_tables; and its
long-standing well-known inefficiency in searching throughout the higher-level
page tables for those few entries to clear and free: all can be blamed on
ignoring the list of vmas when we free page tables.
Replace exit_mmap's clear_page_range of the total user address space by
free_pgtables operating on the mm's vma list; unmap_region use it in the same
way, giving floor and ceiling beyond which it may not free tables. This
brings lmbench fork/exec/sh numbers back to 2.6.10 (unless preempt is enabled,
in which case latency fixes spoil unmap_vmas throughput).
Beware: the do_mmap_pgoff driver failure case must now use unmap_region
instead of zap_page_range, since a page table might have been allocated, and
can only be freed while it is touched by some vma.
Move free_pgtables from mmap.c to memory.c, where its lower levels are adapted
from the clear_page_range levels. (Most of free_pgtables' old code was
actually for a non-existent case, prev not properly set up, dating from before
hch gave us split_vma.) Pass mmu_gather** in the public interfaces, since we
might want to add latency lockdrops later; but no attempt to do so yet, going
by vma should itself reduce latency.
But what if is_hugepage_only_range? Those ia64 and ppc64 cases need careful
examination: put that off until a later patch of the series.
What of x86_64's 32bit vdso page __map_syscall32 maps outside any vma?
And the range to sparc64's flush_tlb_pgtables? It's less clear to me now that
we need to do more than is done here - every PMD_SIZE ever occupied will be
flushed, do we really have to flush every PGDIR_SIZE ever partially occupied?
A shame to complicate it unnecessarily.
Special thanks to David Miller for time spent repairing my ceilings.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Initial git repository build. I'm not bothering with the full history,
even though we have it. We can create a separate "historical" git
archive of that later if we want to, and in the meantime it's about
3.2GB when imported into git - space that would just make the early
git days unnecessarily complicated, when we don't have a lot of good
infrastructure for it.
Let it rip!
